A Short Note On Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus - 2606 Words

Case Study Topic NUTR 48100 MNT II Kelly Anderson March 25, 2015 INTRODUCTION AND BACKGROUND Introduction This patient was recently diagnosed with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. This patient hopes to lose weight, manage diabetes, and prevent complications due to his diabetes. This newly diagnosed patient must be educated on how to manage glucose levels and how to properly alter his lifestyle. Background In the year 2000, 177 million people were diagnosed with diabetes mellitus. The World Health Organization expects this number to jump to 370 million in 2030. Compared to Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus is far more common. Approximately 90% of all diabetes diagnoses are Type 2. More Westernized countries tend to have a higher prevalence of Type 2 diabetes. This is due to the calorically dense diets and limited physical activity that is commonly seen in these parts of the world. Type 2 diabetes is also more common in people 40 years or older, especially those who are overweight or obese. Type 2 diabetes is considered to be caused by mostly environmental or genetic factors. The environmental factors include a lack of physical activity, excessive intake, stress, aging, and being overweight or obese. The genetic factors consist of insulin secretion impairment or insulin resistance.1 Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus, or non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus, is typically iden tified in patients by the insulin resistance or failure of the beta-cells.2 These patientsShow MoreRelatedTypes Of Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus1713 Words   |  7 Pages Introduction: Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus is a disease that occurs when insulin-producing beta cells of the pancreas are damaged or are being destroyed (Mahan, Escott-Stump Raymond, 2012). The gradual destruction of the beta cells of the pancreas usually leads to complete insulin deficiency, which ultimately manifests itself in the following symptoms at clinical onset: â€Å"high blood glucose (hyperglycemia), frequent urination (polyuria), excessive thirst (polydipsia), and a significant amount of weightRead MoreType 1 Diabetes Mellitus And Mellitus1711 Words   |  7 Pages Introduction: Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus is a disease that occurs when insulin-producing beta cells of the pancreas are damaged or are being destroyed (Mahan, Escott-Stump Raymond, 2012). The gradual destruction of the beta cells of the pancreas usually leads to complete insulin deficiency, which ultimately manifests itself in the following symptoms at clinical onset: â€Å"high blood glucose (hyperglycemia), frequent urination (polyuria), excessive thirst (polydipsia), and a significant amount of weightRead MoreDiabetes Mellitus : A Disease Affecting Multi Organ System1190 Words   |  5 PagesDiabetes mellitus or DM is a disease affecting multi-organ systems due to the abnormal insulin production, improper insulin usage or even both. It is a very serious health problem throughout the world effecting thousands of people.A survey conducted in United States showed that almost 6.2% of the population suffers from this disease. It is a matter of great issue that almost one -third of the population is unaware of the disease. Incidence Diabetes is actually the fifth leading cause of deathsRead MoreA Brief Note On Diabetes And The Treatment Of Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus921 Words   |  4 PagesReview Article Introduction: Type 1 diabetes, also known as insulin-dependent diabetes, is a chronic condition in which body produces little to no insulin due to autoimmune destruction of the beta cells of the pancreas. Patient with Type 1 diabetes are mainly treated with subcutaneous insulin injection, along with dietary and lifestyle modification. Purpose of this article is to evaluate the role of DPP-4 inhibitors in the treatment of Type 1 diabetes mellitus. DPP-4 inhibitors inhibit the degradationRead MoreIntroduction. Canine Diabetes Has Become A Common Health1716 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction Canine diabetes has become a common health concern in recent years, affecting twenty-two to forty percent of the canine population globally (German, 2006). Dogs diagnosed with diabetes are typically classified as insulin-resistant or insulin-deficient, these two categories are commonly referred to as type 1 diabetes. The difference between the two main types of canine diabetes is the body’s inability to respond to insulin, insulin-resistant, or the inability to produce insulin, insulin-deficientRead MoreExploring The Negative Effects Of Maternal Obesity1675 Words   |  7 Pagesusing non probability convenience sampling, they selected a sample size of 220 gravid women: 110 obese women and 110 non-obese women. Their selection criteria included obese women with BMI with more than 29 kg/m square; gestational diabetes (glucose level of 8 mmol/l and 2 hour post glucose level 11mmol/l); and hypertension after 20 weeks of pregnancy. Their BMI was calculated as kg/m squared and grou ped into obese (BMI29 kg/m2) and non-obese (BMI 19.8-26 kg/m2). The data was analyzed by StatisticalRead MoreExercise Test Of Fasting Blood Glucose Levels1360 Words   |  6 PagesFollowing the establishment of fasting blood glucose levels subjects in the oral glucose tolerance test consumed a 10 ounce beverage that contained 100 grams of glucose. Over the next 2 hours subjects repeated the same method as used in the control test to test their blood glucose levels 4 more times. These 4 tests were conducted at 30 minute intervals and all readings were recorded for later examination. Physical Exercise Test After recording their fasting blood glucose levels subjects in theRead MorePathophysiology of Diabetes Mellitus2103 Words   |  9 PagesPathophysiology of Diabetes Mellitus Diabetes Mellitus is a group of metabolic diseases. The body is unable to produce or absorb sufficient amounts of insulin. This causes elevated levels of glucose in the blood. The pancreas normally produces insulin which regulates the level of glucose in the blood as 1)well as how its used. Glucose is vital to your health because its an important source of energy for the cells that make up your muscles and tissues. Its also your brains main source ofRead MoreType 1 Diabetes Mellitus ( Iddm ) Essay1599 Words   |  7 PagesType 1 Diabetes Mellitus, also known as insulin dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) is destroys pancreatic beta-cells, leading to partial or total loss of insulin production (Merger, et al 170). The exact cause is not known, but the destruction is triggered as an autoimmune response which could be due to the stressors from environment and genetics (Merger, et al 170). â€Å"Type 1 diabetes is a chronic condition in which there is no cure, nor prevention at t he current time† (Merger, et al 170). MostRead MoreInformation: Diabetes Mellitus2985 Words   |  12 PagesDiabetes mellitus, habitually referred to as diabetes is caused by a decline in insulin secretion by the cells of the pancreatic islet resulting into a surge in blood glucose concentration, a condition known as hyperglycemia. Diabetes insipidus is a disorder defined by the secretion of huge quantities of highly diluted urine, this is regardless if a reduction in fluid intake. This is as a result of a deficit of anti-diuretic hormone (ADH) also known as vasopressin produced by the posterior pituitary

Critical Response Free Essays

Josh Fuentes Ms. Apshaga English 4 April 2012 Critical response The article â€Å"The Wife-Beater† by Gayle Rosenwald Smith appeared in the newspapers, Chicago Tribune, and the Philadelphia Inquirer. The article states her view on the term â€Å"wife beater†, and the blindness of youth under the age of 25. We will write a custom essay sample on Critical Response or any similar topic only for you Order Now In this article, she also explains that the sleeveless undershirt is not the problem; just the term is what bothers her. The author hates how the name upsets her and how folks under the age of 25 years old, do not mind the name of the sleeveless undershirt. She goes on to say how the world defined the wife beater and associated the shirt with men who abuse women, and as a style worn by men who are abusive and unexpectedly wear the shirt. Then, she goes into fashion and how it was popularized in many different ways. She also used an example. The example used was an example about how sporting events in the eighties, which one sits in the sun and leaves marks on the body. After that she went into the factual meaning and the statistics of the violent act of wife beating. Lastly, she ended in a statement about how a person that is 25 years or older should not compare the manliness of the shirt to violence. The article The Wife-Beater is an overreaction to the stereotypical name of a blameless, popular undershirt. This sleeveless undershirt is worn by many people such as business men and women nationwide. This piece of clothing has been in the wardrobe of many businessmen for decades. The author makes interesting points but her proof is very little and based on her opinions. She states all these faults about the name but it does not tie in with the shirt. When the author made the statement about â€Å"individuals in the age group of 25 or younger not seem disturbed about the name†, it troubled me. In my opinion there are more important subjects that need to be taken care of and spoken about besides renaming a piece of clothing. I believe that â€Å"wife-beater† is just a name of the shirt; it does not say that physical abuse is correct or fine. She just wanted to make a connection between domestic violence and the wife beater undershirt to make her point. Unfortunately, a article about her personal view on the subject cannot change what has been established for decades. Domestic violence is a very important subject, but I believe that the way the topic was handled was terrible. She made many interesting points but she backed up her proof with opinions. How to cite Critical Response, Essay examples Critical Response Free Essays Shareef Sharkawi English 103 Dr. Sommerfeldt tuesday-thursday Essay response to â€Å"Happy Endings† In order to respond the question of whether or not Margarete Atwood critiques not only the lives of men and women, but their reading preferences as well, I will demonstrate what is highlighted by a series of experimental fiction scenarios narrated and commented on by Atwood. These scenarios coming together for a common goal; this common goal is educated the readers , and the educational factors tie into the unanimous response of: Yes, Atwood is critiquing the lives of women and men through her illustrations of seemingly very real and everyday experiences of various man and women relationship scenarios which all inevitably (and authentically)end in death. We will write a custom essay sample on Critical Response or any similar topic only for you Order Now It has been noted that several renowned feminists had taken certain notice to the level of critique Atwood presents towards women, and were not approved; not bias in the least, she is critical of men too throughout her illustrations. Atwood uses the multitude of relationship scenarios as stories in order to cater to the preferences of the reader(s), as most readers prefer certain storylines that mostly end in benign circumstances, or more commonly one that personally relates to them. In doing so, the author has basically insulted plot readers, for the real world does not have a happy ending. Relationships end in sickness, sadness and death. The end (according to Margarete anyways). Atwood characterizes women based through her representation of relationships of men and women. The characterization and dramatization of women throughout her scenarios aroused suspicions of feminists as to whether or not she was critiquing them. These allegations had some point though. For example, in Story B she depicts women as weak and quite stupid in fact, she does this by allowing her main character to be emotionally abused by a man, while secretly hoping and believing that: â€Å"†This other John (the abuser) will emerge like a butterfly from a cocoon†, meaning his ugly attributes will eventually turn into something much more appealing; someone uch more kind. (282) from my knowledge, this tends to happen quite a bit. Feminists did not approve due to the circumstances that follow her abuse, which in fact is suicide. Upon hearing of John treating a different woman much better than Mary (the abused), she(Mary) writes a note indicating that she intends to take her own life, or attempt to anyways in an attempt to get Johns attention. The manner of which she condu cted her suicide seemed to indicate the author though it was â€Å"lady like† in the sense of using sherry instead of whiskey to drown her life away (282). A clear lack of empowerment of women led to her untimely demise, which is why this particular story leads the majority of critique from feminists in her work. Atwood of course is critical of men too; characterizing them as cold, sex hungry, and ultimately pitiful in the adultery -murder-suicide scenario entitled â€Å"C†. Atwood’s scenarios culminate into what you could say are the typical lives of men and women in modern western societies. Story C illustrates the epitome of weakness in men; security. Had John been content with his life, and wife the carnal craving of wanting more and better would not have overtaken John. Atwood depicts a situation in which the main character, John cheats on his wife for a younger woman(she does it to comfort him of his hair loss, which ties into security of a male), but upon finding his mistress in bed with another man, he is overcome with grief and despair; he then buys a gun and kills his mistress, her lover and finally himself. The insecurity leads John to adultery, which lead to double-murder-suicide. This story illustrates and critiques the weakness of men. Although the characterizations of men and women seem different, Atwood is really toying with the readers in the sense of reading for plot. I believe she has set this story up in accordance to accommodate several types of plot readers; as well as their gender. For example in her statement â€Å"If you want a happy ending, try A† she is essentially stating that if you’re into this type of storybook ending, which Atwood knows most are, stick with and read scenario ‘A’. By doing this, it is solidified that she is indeed critiquing or tailoring her audience to a certain degree regarding male or female plots and plot readers. The general tone of the story further adds to my ascertainment of belittling the plot readers, and says that even though we as humans think we are all very different, we will equally receive the same inevitable authentic end of life through death. The situations were represented in a way, which I believe was designed to appropriate all types of audiences, readers and relationships in Canada, because she indicates † This is Canada, you’ll still end up with ‘A'(Life well and die), though in-between you may get a lustful brawling saga of passionate involvement, a chronicle of our times, sort of. † Atwood is critical of women, and men in this story; it has been noted by feminists that she almost too critical, and this is done through the characterization (or dramatizations) of the women in such stories. Creatively and nearly accurate she depicts several scenarios in order for plot readers to be satisfied. Doing so clearly implies sympathy for those types of readers and it very well may tie into the fact that plot readers seek to envision themselves in the happy ending scenario; which we as the readers of this experimental fiction author know lacks authenticity. Atwood achieves her affects through various scenarios, that happen to inevitably end as they should; authentically. Authenticity of an ending, according to Atwood is justified through the â€Å"happiness level†, which means if it ends in anything, but death(s) consider it falsified. How to cite Critical Response, Papers Critical Response Free Essays Order and chaos take the shape of Nurse Ratchet and Randal McCarthy, rest fictively. The battle is really simply a tug of war, with control hanging in the balance. Before M zymurgy arrives to the ward, Big Nurse has total control. We will write a custom essay sample on Critical Response or any similar topic only for you Order Now Broaden explains her control by call Eng her, essentially, a machine. He narrates, â€Å"practice has steadied and strengthened her unit I now she wields a sure power that extends in all directions on hairline wires too small for anybody odds eye but mine† (16). The use of machinery to explain her control shows how precise It It, ho w orderly. McCarthy, on the other hand, is chaotic. However, he too is striving for control by rest ;sting authority. Perhaps because of his history in the Korean War, McCarthy feels the nee d to rebel against authority. By rebelling against authority, he makes himself somewhat of an a authoritative Geiger amongst the patients In the hospital. Unlike Ratchet, McCarthy Is a figure of h pope and not of monotonous scheduling. This is most apparent when McCarthy takes on his o win form of therapy session by taking the men on a fishing trip. In doing so, he made people like George feel needed, and for Chief, â€Å"l smelt the air and felt the four cans of beer I’d drunk shortly g out dozens of control leads down inside me: all around, the chrome sides of the swells flickered a ND flashed in the sun† (209). Musher’s tactics were much more therapeutic than anything Nor SE Ratchet did for these men, because McCarthy made them feel like men. The concept of gender and control also affects the relationship between McCarthy a ND Ratchet. Keyes, in a modernly sexist fashion, uses the male figure to represent auto rite. In the beginning of the novel, Broaden narrates how Ratchet would try to cover up her bread SST because they were an imperfection they symbolize femininity. When McCarthy comes out of the How to cite Critical Response, Papers

Ill

Ill-tempered shrew Essay Petruchio is told about the rough maid (1) by Hortensio who only has one thing on his mind, to marry Katherinas sister Bianca, who is seen as a fair maiden, beauteous (1) beyond compare, whose father is rich (1) and prosperous, Hortensio can not wait for Petruchio to take Katherinas hand in marriage and pushes forward the idea. Hortensios haste is due to the fact that he knows that Bianca has many other suitors, and he wants to be the first one there to talk with her father about marriage settlements. Petruchio plans to take the rich (1) wasps (1) hand in marriage, almost as soon as he hears about her rich (1) father, however the customs that usually took place in marriage discussions between the father and the husband to be are excused when the men are talking about Katherina. For example when they are deciding the dowry instead of arguing for the most amount Katherinas father can get for her, he takes the first offer that is given, he does this to secure a future for Katherina in case her husband dies, the discussion of the dowry is also very hasty as Petruchio wants the money, and is not even prepared to waste time introducing himself until he is asked his name. The dowry is a gift of money or valuables given by the brides family to the grooms at the time of their marriage. It is regarded as contribution of her family to the married households expenses (6) as the woman would not be bringing in any money of her own. Her father is just happy to marry her off to anyone who will take her; he did not ever think that anyone would want to marry her, due to her disrespect and her vulgar behaviour. The whole process of making a woman your wife is usually a long and detailed discussion between the father and the husband to-be, arguing trying to claim as much as they can for themselves, to get the best deal, whether it is the dowry, or money or goods for the daughter. However Petruchio swiftly goes into Katherinas home and talks to her father Baptist, about wedding the ill-tempered shrew (1) before he even introduces himself, ignoring the long introductions and polite formalities, he straight away asks Pray have you not a daughter Called Katherina, fair and virtuous? (1). Grumio who is another one of Biancas suitors is in the room at the time along with Tranio who is actually pretending to be Lucentio, his master who is studying at university and can not be there him self to win Biancas hand in marriage. Grumio is old and even older fashioned in his views, he is struck by Petruchios lack of manners and is very concerned, he fusses about how he was too blunt (1). Of course Tranio and Grumio are only there to take Biancas hand just as soon as Katherinas is taken, but still Grumio is concerned about manners, an Elizabethan audience would have found this hilarious and made fun of old Grumio. But Baptista is not put off, Petruchio is rich and wants Katherinas hand, and he has nothing to argue about and accepts quickly the hurried deal that had just been made, business asketh haste (1). All Petruchio now needs to do is obtain her love (1) Petruchio replies saying that it is an easy thing to do and the calls Baptista father (1) which suggest that Petruchio is confident, that in his view he has already won Katherina. .ubb73dc9d5cbe00c7ec02e61fc96bf789 , .ubb73dc9d5cbe00c7ec02e61fc96bf789 .postImageUrl , .ubb73dc9d5cbe00c7ec02e61fc96bf789 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ubb73dc9d5cbe00c7ec02e61fc96bf789 , .ubb73dc9d5cbe00c7ec02e61fc96bf789:hover , .ubb73dc9d5cbe00c7ec02e61fc96bf789:visited , .ubb73dc9d5cbe00c7ec02e61fc96bf789:active { border:0!important; } .ubb73dc9d5cbe00c7ec02e61fc96bf789 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ubb73dc9d5cbe00c7ec02e61fc96bf789 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ubb73dc9d5cbe00c7ec02e61fc96bf789:active , .ubb73dc9d5cbe00c7ec02e61fc96bf789:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ubb73dc9d5cbe00c7ec02e61fc96bf789 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ubb73dc9d5cbe00c7ec02e61fc96bf789 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ubb73dc9d5cbe00c7ec02e61fc96bf789 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ubb73dc9d5cbe00c7ec02e61fc96bf789 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ubb73dc9d5cbe00c7ec02e61fc96bf789:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ubb73dc9d5cbe00c7ec02e61fc96bf789 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ubb73dc9d5cbe00c7ec02e61fc96bf789 .ubb73dc9d5cbe00c7ec02e61fc96bf789-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ubb73dc9d5cbe00c7ec02e61fc96bf789:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: "Araby" by James Joyce and "A Sunrise On The Veld" by Doris Lessing EssayThe next step to tame the shrew (1) is to meet her, and just shortly after the marriage and dowry agreements have been made Katherine comes in to meet Petruchio. Petruchio knows that this simple woman is meant to be quite smart for a woman, but still tamable in his eye, however he still, makes a plan, to make sure that he dominates Katherina, and makes her his. He puts his first idea in the plan is to call her Kat instead of Katherina, which he knows will make her mad, as you usually only use shorten names with people that you are friends with, Katherina has no friends so has never been called Kat. Wh en he uses his first idea she corrects him, of course saying she is Katherina but yet he carrys on and then starts to compliment her calling her plain Kate bonny Kate the prettiest Kate in Christendom my super-dainty Kate. (2:1:19-181) (1) Which annoys her even more, as she is not used to being called pretty and normal, it agitates her as she does not know how to respond to this, nevertheless, Katherina, abrasive as always, tries to outwit Petruchio but it does not work, it turns out the Petruchio can handle Katherina and appears to be just as quick witted, putting poor bonny Kate (1) in the centre of a long vocal duel between the pair, Katherina unable to destroy the man in front of her with verbal abuse she soon realizes that the man she is going to marry is quick and intelligent, unlike most of the other men that she has meet. Their verbal duel is filled with complex puns each one building a new metaphor from the last characters insult, or sexual innuendo, Katherinas puns are harsh and insulting, at one point she even insults his mother, saying A witty mother! Witless else her son. (1) Where as Petruchios puns contain mainly sexual innuendo with my tongue in your tail (1), he twists her puns to his own advantage driving her crazy. She hits him in a last out burst and he threatens her, we know that Petruchio is not afraid to use violence much like Kate as he in Act 1 scene 2 wrings his man-servant by the ear as he misunderstood Petruchio. He ignores the outburst as if it was nothing out of the ordinary and carries on in his artful little duel with Katherina saying that she will marry him, happily or not, will you, nill you, I will marry you (1). He gets the last word in so he won the verbal duel, making it the first time that Katherina has ever lost to anyone, the audience would have loved this, as being an outspoken woman in the Elizabethan era was frowned upon by everyone, even women. The audience would have found it hilarious to see this woman try to be strong, but only to be pushed down showing her weakness, and her place in society. In the Elizabethan era weddings would have been one of the main points in a womans life, partly because if you were a single woman on your own or if you were slightly odd or unskilled, people usually thought that you were a witch, so women tried to marry, to secure they future, and their sanity. Weddings at that time were very solemn events; everyone would stand as they did not usually have pews to sit on meaning that the church would have been simple. The friends and family of the relatives would all adjoin for a feast wishing the happy couple a long and happy life together, the food would be very extravagant and beautifully decorated, this usually took place after the ceremony. .u05a4c5312121a129f3c6a8f83c2ea58e , .u05a4c5312121a129f3c6a8f83c2ea58e .postImageUrl , .u05a4c5312121a129f3c6a8f83c2ea58e .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u05a4c5312121a129f3c6a8f83c2ea58e , .u05a4c5312121a129f3c6a8f83c2ea58e:hover , .u05a4c5312121a129f3c6a8f83c2ea58e:visited , .u05a4c5312121a129f3c6a8f83c2ea58e:active { border:0!important; } .u05a4c5312121a129f3c6a8f83c2ea58e .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u05a4c5312121a129f3c6a8f83c2ea58e { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u05a4c5312121a129f3c6a8f83c2ea58e:active , .u05a4c5312121a129f3c6a8f83c2ea58e:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u05a4c5312121a129f3c6a8f83c2ea58e .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u05a4c5312121a129f3c6a8f83c2ea58e .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u05a4c5312121a129f3c6a8f83c2ea58e .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u05a4c5312121a129f3c6a8f83c2ea58e .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u05a4c5312121a129f3c6a8f83c2ea58e:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u05a4c5312121a129f3c6a8f83c2ea58e .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u05a4c5312121a129f3c6a8f83c2ea58e .u05a4c5312121a129f3c6a8f83c2ea58e-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u05a4c5312121a129f3c6a8f83c2ea58e:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: A beautiful life written response EssayHowever in Petruchios and Katherinas marriage with the build up so far, arguments and threats, you can be sure of a complex climax to the wedding. Petruchio and Katherinas wedding was not quite so formal or friendly, instead it was rushed and rude, the formality and solemn traditions discarded, the religious meaning of the church pushed aside, nothing was how it should have been. The Bridegroom should wear his best clothes which consisted of a doublet, breeches, hose, box pleated neck ruff and a cod piece. A cloak might also be worn and a pair of boots. Elizabethan men usually wore a short shift as an undergarment. (2). However Petruc hio wears cheap dirty garments and a broken sword.

Lack Of Realism in Shakespeares Plays free essay sample

Examines myth, romanticism unrealistic features of plots, settings characters from modern critical perspective. The purpose of this research is to examine the connection between the supposed lack of realism in Shakespearean plot, setting, and characterization, and the apparent difficulty that modern readers of Shakespeare encounter with the text as a result. The plan of the research will be to set forth the bases on which such a connection may be asserted, and then to discuss, with reference to selected plays, how such difficulties can be understood and perhaps overcome. The lack of realism of A Midsummer Nights Dream is so obvious that it seems superfluous to mention it. The setting is supposedly ancient Athens, but this is not the Athens of history, for the impending marriage of two mythical characters, Theseus and Hippolyta, is the anticipated occasion. Supposedly real-life characters, the young lovers and their parents, are in jeopardy

Feasibilty study of a proposed new Thames river crossing The WritePass Journal

Feasibilty study of a proposed new Thames river crossing Introduction Feasibilty study of a proposed new Thames river crossing IntroductionENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES:FINANCING AND EVALUATION OF A PROJECT:Economic evaluation:RISK ASSESSMENT:LOCATION OF THE PROPOSED BRIDGE:BUDGET COSTS FOR CONSTRUCTION WORKS:REFERENCES:Related Introduction Thames River is the longest river in England and second longest river in United Kingdom. The significance of the river is that it flows through the London. It starts from Thames head in Gloucestershire with an elevation of 110m and ends at Thames Estuary, Essex with an elevation of 0m. The length of river is 346km. It consists of 214 bridges and 17 tunnels which are very helpful in development. These bridges and tunnels are helpful in providing good transport facilities to the public and also for the supply of goods and cargo. By this the bridges and tunnels play vital role in development and also they are helpful in creating great opportunities for the development of industrial areas, education and also increase in the number of jobs. Thames gateway is a largest gateway in Europe. It is a largest regeneration programme. Thames gateway is of 40 miles starting from the estuary from canary wharf in London to south end in Essex and Sittingbourne in Kent. It is a very best place to invest, work and live. The world first under water tunnel was constructed in the Thames River. And the latest tunnel constructed on Thames River was Dartford tunnel. Our proposal is to connect the A130, Canvey Island in Essex with the M2/M20 in Kent. In order to reduce the traffic volumes on the existing bridges and tunnels and also for providing the better transportation facilities for the public a proposal of new river crossing across the river Thames is made. The United Kingdom government wants to construct a new river crossing. Some of the other organisations are also helping in constructing a new crossing they are Kent council, Essex council, department for London (DFT), Thames gateway south Essex partnership (TGSEP). The main aim of these organisations is to develop and help in getting more number of jobs and in the construction of new homes in the future. Although there are two existing routes which are Queen Elizabeth 2 bridge and the other is Dartford tunnel which are serving the same purpose. The new proposal is made to get more benefits to the people and also to meet the traffic volumes in future. Bridge is the best solution for the new river crossing. Cable stayed bridge with approximately 4.5 km length and a dual carriage way and also the new roads should be constructed in order to link the existing routes. The length of the new roads is approximately 3 km. ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES: Environment plays a major role in construction industry. Environmental issues are to be considered carefully before the construction process is going to start and also the environmental impact assessment is to be done to the particular area where the construction is going to take place. After the environmental impact assessment done then only the project is to be started it should not start before it. The environmental issues which are to be considered for the new project Geological considerations Ecology problems Land contamination Landscape Water pollution Noise pollution Air pollution Traffic and transport considerations. The construction process involves the emission of co2. The construction process is responsible for air pollution because construction works generates dust largely because of the materials which are useful for construction contains more number of dust particles. And also by the use of diesel, petrol, demolitions, burnings these all involves in air pollution. This air pollution causes damage to the public in their healths. The construction process is also responsible for noise pollution because of the machinery, vehicles and also the other useful equipment for the construction creates lots of noise that makes people to face lots of problem. By these health problems arises. Water pollution is also arises due to construction because the use of diesel, petrol, toxic materials, chemicals, solvents, cleaners, paints everything which are used in the construction process involves in water pollution. The polluted water cause great damage to the aquatic life and also to the other animals. The polluted drinking water may cause damage to human lives. Use of sustainable materials: We can reduce the wastages in the construction process by using sustainable materials. The following are some points considered. Shortage of raw materials is to be considered Consider the ecological damage caused by the extraction of raw materials Consider the amount of energy consumed at all stages Consider the amount of water consumption. FINANCING AND EVALUATION OF A PROJECT: Finance is the most important and the key factor in the construction process. In order to maintain or run a project finance is badly needed. The generation of finance can be made from different sectors such as public or private sectors. In this type of proposals the public sector involvement is more because in order to make public more comfortable with the services provided. And the private sectors also involve largely gaining more profits. Finance from government Funds from private sector By the contributions from different organisations. Economic evaluation: Better solution is to be adopted in order to provide good service and to balance economically. Cost benefit analysis is to be adopted. Generation of extra revenue from taxes. RISK ASSESSMENT: Risk assessment is the process of evaluating that a specific site poses risk to human environment or to human health. The purpose of all hazardous waste site remediation is ultimately to render a site safe for human or ecological populations. Consequently, risk assessment, as the process used to measure the effectiveness of the remediation process, is critical to all hazardous waste-site work. Risk assessment depends upon the following: Finance: It is the most important in the process, make sure of the finance. Site investigation: It is to be done properly before the project is to be started. Estimation of the project: Proper estimation should be done. Proper use of code: The code should be used properly if not it leads to great damage. Design criteria: we should follow the design criteria properly in order to avoid delays and loss in the projec Health and safety: It is the most important thing in the entire process. It deals directly with the public we should be more careful and follow the rules strictly to provide good safety measures. Environmental impact assessment: First we have to consider the environmental issues and the proper environmental impact assessment should be made properly in order to avoid delays. Natural hazards: If the natural hazards take place the project gets disturbed depending upon the severity of the hazard. If it is less small amount of loss occurs if it is more the project takes more time and money to reconstruct. Land acquisition: It is to be done properly in order to avoid delays and loss in the project. Quality of work: The quality of work is to be maintained properly in order to avoid damages to the structures and delays in the work. Transportation concerns: Proper transportation facilities are to be made before the project is going to start in order to make the work continue with out any risks or problems. Proper management: The proper management should be there in order to avoid risks and delays and also the proper running of project. FEASIBILITY PROGRAMS: Depending upon the volume of traffics, surveys are to be made. Time based traffic surveys are to be made to know the volume of traffic and proper design is to be prepared. Automatic data collection surveys are to be made. Parking surveys are to be done. Pedestrian traffic surveys are to be made. Proper investigations are to be made depending on the studies and the required information. Site investigation is to be done properly in order to avoid further delays. Proper maps of the site are to be gathered. Suitability of site is to be considered depending up on the investigations. Because to adopt the proper suitable methods which can be suitable for the project. Availability of materials is to be considered properly on the site. Consider the design parameters properly in order to maintain the standards of the project. Soil classifications are to be considered and type of soil is to be considered in order to safe guard the site from failures. Ground investigations are to be made in order to study the entire required information. Geological considerations should be followed properly. LOCATION OF THE PROPOSED BRIDGE: The proposal for a new river crossing across the Thames River. A bridge is going to be constructed which connects a link between A130, A13 near a round about in Canvey island and A228 passing through A226 and joins with M2 which builds a link to M20, Kent. The attachment shown below is the location of a proposed bridge on the Thames River. The proposed bridge length is approximately 4.5 km. BUDGET COSTS FOR CONSTRUCTION WORKS: Considering the cost of the proposed bridge. It can’t be estimated exactly as it is a proposal and it can be estimated approximately with the comparison of the other bridges which are already constructed and also with the help of some other books and the information available on the websites some data is collected and the approximate estimation of the bridge is made. The funds can be raised from different sectors like public and private sectors. The approximate cost of the proposed bridge is  £3.8 billions along with the connecting roads. REFERENCES: 1)` http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River_Thames#Summary 2)communities.gov.uk/documents/planningandbuilding/pdf/157989.pdf 3) http://books.google.co.uk/books?hl=enlr=id=O7klw-QUraECoi=fndpg=PA1996dq=sustainable+methods+of+constructionots=PH3J0dqGGUsig=z-YFjDsYfDNRQR-GEdff9YuzB-0#PPA2007,M1 4) http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=povFlfv82O8Cdq=risk+assessment 5)rta.tkk.fi/Kurssit/240/Risk%20Assessment%20in%20Construction%20Schedules.pdf 6) nltdc.co.uk/ 7) dur.ac.uk/~des0www4/cal/roads/si/si.html 8) http://maps.google.co.uk/maps?hl=entab=wl 9) sustainablebuild.co.uk/ 10)ciria.org/service/Home/AM/ContentManagerNet/HomePages/CIRIA_1502_20080929T115140HomePage.aspx?Section=Home

Attitudes to Language Essay Example for Free

Attitudes to Language Essay Language clearly plays a major role in all aspects of society. The most obvious is its social role of allowing people to relate to each other in all facets of their lives: to share information, emotions and ways of life. We use language as a means of navigating our daily lives and it plays an integral role in most of our interactions. Perhaps for this reason, French is regarded as an elegant and romantic language, while German is considered to be guttural. Additionally, ever since mankind evolved into different language communities, it is commonplace for people to adopt various attitudes towards the language(s) spoken by others, as well as towards the dialects of the language they speak. These attitudes are motivated by different factors, including pride in or shame regarding one’s own language, confidence or embarrassment about how one sounds, nationalism and a sense of personal dignity, one’s status and values as well as the prestige some languages are given in international interactions. A well known attitude is the desire for foreign speech patterns; another is the rejection of certain dialects. People form impressions of your personality, emotional state, geographic origin, education, experiences, age or socioeconomic status from the language you use and the way you use it. We often witness the amusement of an audience when someone speaks in the creole, for not only does the system of sound evoke laughter, but the assumption that the speaker is an uneducated serf is then made. Ridicule and contempt for the vernacular, creoles and dialects are common responses from some members of society, even within the Caribbean society, where dialects are rich, strong and the first language. Dialects develop under various circumstances as well as geographical locations and are varieties of languages. A creole could be a dialect within a language. Because of our history, people of the region tend to place a high premium on the standard languages (the language of power and economic might). Many  people believe that upward mobility is largely dependent on one’s ability to fit in with the predominant socioeconomic class, and language is the main signifier of this fit. Many Caribbean writers have described scenarios of people who went overseas, were generally expected to return with a new command of the target language and often demonstrated their new found ‘status’ by emphasizing their foreign accent of ‘twang’. While some might be impress ed by the ‘twang’, others view such pretensions with derision. Attitudes to language may vary from one sector of the society to another and some people demonstrate self-conscious behavior when speaking the standard language. This is largely a result of the fact that in most societies one is often judged on the basis of the variety of language that one speaks. This is even more prevalent in societies with a colonial legacy, like the Caribbean, where certain dialects are associated with the institution of slavery or conquest. Increasingly, educators are becoming aware that a person’s native language is an integral part of who that person is and marginalizing the language can have severe damaging effects on that person’s psyche. Many linguists consistently make a case for teaching native languages alongside the target languages so that children can clearly differentiate among the codes ( a term used synonymously with language or dialect but generally refers to a linguistic system of communication. A code can also be non-linguistic such as a dress code or code of conduct) and hence be less likely to mix the two. This approach has been adopted in Haiti, where schools teach both Standard French and French Creole (Haitian) and children are expected to be fluent in both. Additional prominence has been given to Caribbean Creoles with the publication of Creole dictionaries and with the translation of the New Testament from the Christian Bible into French Creole in St. Lucia. A similar project is under way in Jamaica. While attitudes to local dialects have been slowly changing, many people still associate the use of Creole with negative images and believe that its use should be relegated to specific circumstances and occasions. However, the fact that non-standard language varieties are the most widely spoken in the Caribbean makes them the choice of persons trying to get information to large sections of the society. For example, many advertisers use the Creole language to ensure that their message appeals to most people. At the same time, because of the prestige attached to the standard language, it tends to be the language of choice on formal occasions, like church services. A language variety is usually chosen because of its perceived social functions. You may have noticed that, the more formal the occasion, the more likely the use of the standard language, while for everyday interaction, popular music or emotional appeals, people tend to gravitate towards the non-standard varieties. You would have noticed that, even in a formal situation, non-standard dialect might be used for anecdotes, to inject humour or in a quotation. In the Caribbean, people switching from one code of language to another, often without thinking. However, there are times when the use of standard langue would seem totally out of place and would even interfere with semantics. For example, folk stories, folk songs and proverbs seem to lose a certain essence when translated into standard. The role of language as a vehicle for sharing culture is indisputable. Caribbean writers, singers and oral poets have played a major part in fostering acceptance of the Creole languages of the region, by incorporating them into their work and exposing them to the world. Nonetheless, negative attitudes to these languages persist in the minds of many. Attitudes to Language. (2018, Oct 28).

An Outstanding Multicultural Manager Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 6

An Outstanding Multicultural Manager - Assignment Example No one should be discriminated against in any way. Being committed to educational equity, I have to ensure that everyone has access to it. I will fight for all equities, be it racial, gender or sexual orientation. I will reevaluate value system or worldview to ensure that I don’t justify my inattention to any given group of underrepresented or disenfranchised students because of such worldview or value system (Ramsey, 16). Secondly, I can give lessons to my students regarding the critical multicultural issues like poverty, sexism, racism, and heterosexism. To ensure that cultural diversity is well addressed and practiced fully, I will start imparting knowledge on such issues to younger students because children from disenfranchised communities begin experiencing the problems at the youngest ages. Thirdly, I can provide an integrated multicultural curriculum all the year, every day and not just during special celebrations or months. This will ensure that the students are continuously learning how to deal with cultural diversity. Fourthly, I can practice correct pronunciation of each student’s full name so that every student can feel included. Students do not have to change or shorten their names to make it easy to be pronounced by anybody. This will contribute to making students feel cared for and not discriminated against. Fifthly, I can make sure that students that come from disenfranchised communities are fairly treated and not placed unjustly into lower academic tracks (Ramsey, 125). Moreover, I can tirelessly fight to get them into talented and gifted programs. In order to also benefit high achievers, I can fight tracking altogether. Sixthly, I can direct my effort towards building coalitions with other teachers who are from the different race, gender, sexual orientation, religion, class, home language, and so on.

Economics Economic Growth Models Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Economics Economic Growth Models - Essay Example As the paper stresses one common theme of these models is that the economy will have a steady growth rate that depends on labor force growth and technological growth. New Growth Theory came about because of discontent within the circle of economists with the Neoclassical Growth Model. New Growth Theory was developed during the 1950's and 1960's. It returned to the forefront of economic thought during the 1980's because many felt that the old theories were outdated and did not fit the modern world. The new theory, based on knowledge and creativity, was developed to fit modern economic growth. This new theory is also called Endogenous Growth Theory because changes are made within the model rather than exogenously (outside the model). According to this theory mind power (knowledge) and creativity are important factors in production and, added to labor and capital, increase economic growth. This theory states that creativity added to labor increases growth, creativity improves both capit al and labor, and creativity extends resources and tends to abundance.This paper outlines that in New Growth Theory creativity rearranges resources and thus resources become unlimited. In the neoclassical growth model resources are limited. Subsidies in research and development are argued to increase growth due to an increase in knowledge and innovation. Big players in the development of this model were Theodore Schultz, an economist at the University of Chicago, and Gary Becker, Nobel Prize winner for economics in 1992. Schultz, also a Nobel Prize winner, developed theories about the use of human capital to increase agricultural production. Shultz theorized that investing in education would invariably increase agricultural output. Becker added on to Shultz's theory by explaining that expenditures on education, skills training, and medical care can be considered human capital and can, if invested in, increase productivity and output.

The Victorian Era and the French Lieutenants Woman Essay Example for Free

The Victorian Era and the French Lieutenants Woman Essay The French Lieutenants Woman is a 1981 film of historical fiction, contrasting present day relationships, morality and industry with that of the Victorian era in the 1850s. It is an adaptation of a novel by John Fowles, the script was written by Harold Pinter. The setting is in England, Lyme and London specifically, where Charles, a Darwinian scientist is courting the daughter of a wealthy businessman. The film depicts Charles as somewhat of the laughingstock with the rich citizens of Lyme who regard his profession as folly. His future father-in-law offers him a position in his shipping company which is expanding to Liverpool and Bristol. The scenery in this portion of the film depicts frantic building going on in the background fitting with the period of the Industrial revolution. The film within a film concept has two actors playing the characters in the film The French Lieutenants Woman but also follows the actors relationship with each other. This presents a contrast between the present day (1981) with the Victorian era. In her research on the Victorian era in the film, the actress Anna states that in 1857 there were over 50,000 prostitutes in London. Sarah Woodruff, the French Lieutenants woman, is seen as a morally deficient woman, likened to a prostitute, and goes to work for a rich and pious woman. This woman, Mrs. Palfrey (I think) describes Sarahs actions of walking in the under cliffs and staring out at sea to be sinful. She states there is a vast difference between those people from the country and those from London and says there are gross disorders in the streets. This division between what is acceptable in Lyme versus London is seen when Charles is present for tea with his fiance and Mrs. Palfrey, and is scolded for his servants attraction to a country girl. There is an obvious division between the upper and lower class which is depicted in Mrs. Palfreys treatment of her servants and Sarah. The prudent relations between male and female in the Victorian era are depicted in Charles behavior towards his fiance, for example he asks permission to see her alone in the conservatory. The treatment of women during this period is demonstrated in Sarah Woodruff, that she is labeled a whore, when in fact we find out later, she was as much a virgin as Charles former fiance. Charles falls in love with Sarah Woodruff, offering to pay for an asylum for her treatment. He ends his engagement, and interestingly he has to appear in a court and be labeled a scoundrel. When Sarah Woodruff disappears, he looks in London, waiting as the factory women get out of work at 5:00 p.m. Presumably, according to the history of this era from the Longman Anthology, most workers would have gone to work as early as 4:00 a.m. that morning (1826). The faces of the women provide a poignant message of the working conditions of that period. Charles also goes to a prostitution area searching for Sarah. He does not find her there, but earlier in the film he had asked her why she didnt just leave Lyme and all the condemnation and accusations of the townsfolk. Sarah stated that if she went to London, she knew what she would become. In the film there are beggars in the streets and London is depicted as a dreary place to live. Sarah Woodruff, turns her name around to become Mrs. Roughwood and Charles eventually finds her. The contrast in this film is interesting as both actors sleep with each other though they both apparently have committed relationships. In the end, the male actor seems ready to forsake his marriage for a relationship with the actress, Anna. He mistakenly calls out Sarah when she leaves, so it appears he was having difficulty separating fact from fiction. This film was accurate historically in my opinion, with what I have read this term in the Longman Anthology which states that in the Victorian era working conditions necessitated reform in the 1840s (1793). The Atlas of Literature describes London in the period in which this film is set as gentility and beggary, great spaces and cramped crooked streets, leisure and brute work, families and orphans (96). This film did an excellent job of contrasting the idle rich in the country and the upper class in London. There was a snobbery that was emphasized, using the servants versus their masters. The condemnation of Sarah Woodruff as a fallen woman was contrasted by the facts that later came out. The stark contrasts in England during the Industrial revolution were evident in this film and I felt it was an interesting piece of historical fiction. Works Cited Bradbury, Malcolm, ed. The Atlas of Literature. New York: Stewart, Tabori and Chang, 1998. Damrosch, David, ed. The Longman Anthology of British Literature. New York: Longman, 2000. The French Lieutenants Woman. Dir. Karel Reisz. Perf. Jeremy Irons and Meryl Streep. United Artists, 1981.

Douglas N. Husaks A Moral Right to Use Drugs Essay -- Husak Moral Rig

Douglas N. Husak's A Moral Right to Use Drugs In Douglas N. Husak’s A Moral Right to Use Drugs he attempts to look at drug use from an impartial standpoint in order to determine what is the best legal status for currently illegal drugs. Husak first describes the current legal situation concerning drugs in America, citing figures that show how drug crimes now make up a large percentage of crimes in our country. Husak explains the disruption which this causes within the judicial system and it is made clear that he is not content with the current way drugs are treated. The figures that Husak offers up, such as the fact that up to one third of all felony charges involve drugs, are startling, but more evidence is needed than the fact that a law is frequently broken to justify it’s repeal. Husak attempts to discuss drug use legality aside in order to prove his argument. He looks at drug use in a three fold manner exploring; the reasons Americans use drugs, the justifications behind the war on drugs, and a discussion on which drugs, if any, should be affected by the law. In understanding Husak’s beliefs on the reasons for drug use it is first important to look at his definition for recreational use verses drug abuse. Husak defines recreational use as either consumption for enhancement of an experience, such as at a concert, or for alleviation from boredom, like while doing household chores. Husak admits that there are gray areas between this recreational approach and the universally reviled drug abuse. However, Husak is right in saying that drug use that occurs in the ghetto is not recreational, and goes on to explain that rich white people are even more likely to use certain drugs, notably ... ...enough time explaining the benefits of legalization. I agree with his assertion that the burden of proof should lie on the heads of those limiting our freedoms and therefore I personally am not bothered by his attack strategy, but in the grand scheme of trying to further his cause Husak would be served well by discussing the issue in terms of why legalization would help our society. I respect this piece a lot and what I would really like to see is some of Husak’s ideas form implementation, such as educational programs. This article does a lot to tear down the old beliefs that are hurting our society, which is an important first step. Yet, those of us who favor change must remember that removing old views does not bring freedom, it leaves a gap. Freedom is attained when we replace that gap with a morally and legally sound new set of ideals and rules.

The Beginnings of Industrialization

The Beginnings of Industrialization A. Perceiving Cause and Effect: As you read this section, make notes in the chart to explain how each factor listed contributed to an Industrial Revolution in Great Britain Factor Contribution to the Industrial Revolution 1 . Agricultural Revolution- boosted demand for products and provided labor led to an increase of population increased Food supplies. 2. Abundant Natural Resources- Surplus of natural resources such as coal, ore harbors and ports. 3.Political Stability- allowed Britain to devote its energy and resources to the economic expansion. 4. Factors of Production- Britain had most the resources to produce products. 5. Technological advances- had improved the quality and speed of cloth production Higher profits. 6. Entrepreneurs- they had provided organization skills and took financial risk in creating a business. 7. Building of factories- allowed the industry to move in and out of the home into a main location. 8. Railroad boom- gave an in expensive solution to transport materials created new jobs. B.Enclosure: the enclosure of the agriculture produce to contain u rope rotation: the rotation Of crops to industrial industry Explain how both paved the way for an agricultural revolution. Both of these paved the way for agricultural revolution by the growth of the crops and the enclosure that the agriculture needs C. Define the following terms: Industrial Revolution- the revolution for agriculture use. Industrialization- the change of agriculture to man made products. Factors of production- factory, place, time, management Factory- a place that produces or builds products for a profit Entrepreneur- a type of business person.

Marketing and Different Vendors Essay

Having multi-vendor partnerships has its advantages and disadvantages. In the long run, supporting such a partnership would be difficult to maintain. Here are some of the concerns: * Change: Hardware and software requires constant upgrades to keep up with the technology changes. Changes in systems from multiple vendors can cause integration problems and requires a rigid process of testing and configuration. * Knowledge: IT staff must be well-trained in all the systems of the multi-vendor environment. Without a good IT support, the harder it is to find the source of the problem, and the longer it takes for them to resolve it. * Communication: In-house IT staff may have all the knowledge on the systems in the multi-vendor environment, but sometimes support from the vendors is required. In such cases, a support engineer is required to communicate with other support engineer, and it would be easier if it is done within the organization, but this is not usually the case. . Focusing IT on top line requires bringing in revenue for the company by increasing sales, whereas focusing IT on the bottom line requires bringing the cost down by reducing on operating cost. Focusing IT on the top line is more challenging because IT is not able to control who and when someone will actually buy the products and services. On the other hand, focusing IT on the bottom line can be predictable as there are sets of parameters within he organization that can be controlled, for example, reducing the number of employees. 3. Some ways for IT to bring in revenue is by increasing the number of customers and retaining customers. To increase the number of customers, IT systems such as online marketing tools can help to generate sales leads and increase customer awareness by sending out emails or direct mailers to potential customers. Such tools can help in segmenting customer profiles and evaluate the performance of the marketing campaign.

The Flowering Chanticleer Callery Pear Tree

The Flowering Chanticleer Callery Pear Tree The Chanticleer Callery Pear was selected as the Urban Tree of the Year in 2005 by trade arborist magazine City Trees  for its unique combination of resistance to blight and limb breakage, bright foliage, and great form. Compared to some of the pears relatives like the commonly planted Bradford pear tree, the Chanticleer Pears limb strength and strong branching make for a more reliable urban plant as its unlikely to require city maintenance like limb clean-up or installing reinforcing poles to keep the trees from breaking.  The tree also produces small white flowers in the spring, and its leaves turn a rich, plum color tinged with claret in the fall, making it a popular  fall foliage  plant. The Chanticleer Pear was first discovered during the 1950s on the streets in Cleveland, Ohio, and noted for its desirable characteristics. The tree was commercially introduced in 1965 by the famous Scanlon Nursery, which first called it the Chanticleer Pear. It has until recently been one of the most recommended trees suggested by municipal arborists.   The Flowering Pear Pyrusis is the botanical name for all pears, most of which are valued for their blossoms and delicious fruits and cultivated commercially throughout much of the U.S. and Canada; however, Callery Flowering Pears do not, however, produce an edible fruit.   Pears can be grown throughout the temperate regions where winters are not too severe and there is adequate moisture, but pears do not survive where temperatures fall lower than 20 F below zero (-28 C). In the warm and humid southern states, planting a pear should be limited to blight-resistant varieties such as many of the Callery Pear varieties. The variety named Chanticleer is a mostly ornamental tree that reaches a height ranging from 30 to 50 feet that can withstand pollution and be grown along roads due to their ability to process higher levels of car exhaust. In the spring, clusters of 1-inch white flowers cover the tree, and pea-sized, inedible fruits follow the flowers; in the fall,  the leaves of this tree turn shiny dark red to scarlet. Unique Features of Chanticleer Pear Trees Mark Burstyn/Getty Images The Chanticleer Pear is an upright-pyramidal tree that is much narrower than other ornamental pears, making it a valuable addition to landscapes where lateral space to spread is limited. It has attractive flowers, foliage, and fall color, and the bark is at first smooth with numerous lenticels, light brown to reddish-brown, then later turning grayish brown with shallow furrows. The Chanticleer Pear is less susceptible to early freezes than other pears, very adaptable to many different soils, and resistant to fireblight, and tolerates drought, heat, cold, and pollution, though it cannot survive in dry, waterlogged, or alkaline soil. Chanticleers should be grown in a location with full sun exposure and do require pruning and trimming in the winter or early spring for optimal growth. Because of its shape and branching structure, the crown is less prone to branch breakage with heavy winter snow.   Arthur Plotnik, in The Urban Tree Book, suggests the Chanticleer cultivar is one of the most promising...it is disease resistant, exceptionally cold-hardy, heavily flowered, and richly colored in autumn; reportedly, it even offers a few bonus flowers in fall. The Pear's Downside Some cultivars of the Callery Pear, usually the newer varieties, have the ability to grow fruit that produces viable seed. However, there are many states that are now dealing with non-native species invading their environments. According to Invasives Invasive and Exotic Trees list, states now dealing with escaped invasive pears include Illinois, Tennessee, Alabama, Georgia, and South Carolina. Many cultivars are generally unable to produce fertile seeds when self-pollinated or cross-pollinated with another tree of the same cultivar. However, if different cultivars of Callery Pears are grown within insect-pollination distance, about 300  feet, they can produce fertile seeds that can sprout and establish wherever they are dispersed. Another primary concern for this variety of pear tree is that Callery Pears in full bloom produce an undesirable odor. Horticulturist Dr. Michael Durr calls the smell malodorous but gives the tree high marks for beauty in landscape design.

Leadership and Change Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Leadership and Change - Essay Example Although there is no universal definition of the structural behavioral interviews, these can be employed to produce strong outcomes that are similar to proven techniques such as, assessment centers and ability tests. The structural interviews can be conducted in phases, involving peer discussions and telephonic interview. The third phase or reference checking is necessary for quality purposes. Leadership is referred to the process of initiating, enabling, developing, implementing and maintaining change with the management structure of an organization, group or team. In a continuously evolving environment, the role of leaders is critical for managing and maintaining organizational performance. According to the Path Goal theory, effectiveness of a leader is greatly dependent on the circumstances wherein an individual works and the leaders tend to adopt various strategies to find the best solution so as to cope with the situation (House, 1996). Leaders exhibit different managerial styles to induce change management in an organization in order to keep pace with the radical changes occurring in the external environment. However, this fact does not explain that effective leadership is driven by subjective preferences. Along with the Path goal theory, the situational aspect of leadership is supported by Fiedler’s contingency model. The contingency model states that rigorousness in the relationship between leadership style and effectiveness can be reduced by increasing the ability of leaders to control a particular situation. The contingency model has proposed three components that influence situational favorability, namely leader-member relationship, task structure and power of the leader (Offermann, Kennedy & Wirtz, 1994). In context of the current paper, the organization in subject is Procter & Gamble, where questions regarding employee satisfaction and retention

Compare and contrast the values, institutions and actions of the Essay

Compare and contrast the values, institutions and actions of the city-states of Sparta and Athens - Essay Example Athenian citizens had enjoyed strong constitutional rights in political and legal aspects. This made them strong, materially and psychologically, which was envied by many non-citizens and these aspects were not compromised upon for anything else. At the Funeral Oration of Pericles, it was declared that the Greek Constitution was unique in its laws and is an example for others. It is meant for all people of the State and hence is democracy. The laws provide equal justice to all in their private differences; no form of discrimination is allowed based on social status or race and creed and not even by economic status. Any citizen serving the State will not be hindered by the obscurity of his position. This freedom extends from government to ordinary life (Butler, K; 18). Political organizations in Athens and the surrounding cities differed in specific instance conflict, as well as cooperation among groups. Athens was always in a better position than other States and tend to dictate to t he smaller states with which it was in league. Failure to meet Athenian expectations, whether reasonable or unreasonable, sometimes resulted in harsh treatment and other sorts of vindications announced. The impact of Greek concepts spread extensively through the Roman jurisprudence and philosophy, particularly the idea of ‘rights’ that the Greek government had announced. On the other side, Sparta was also admired by the Ancient World for different reasons. It was a military prowess and had a stable political system. Military, in Sparta, was different in that it was strengthened to cause repression of the majority of the internal population instead of defense against external aggression. This is treated as an early example of the conscious creation of state institutions for massive, ongoing repression of the kind Hobbes’ absolutist governor would have to have. Contrast to the Athenian ideology,

Litrature Review Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Litrature Review - Article Example Though not citing their source of information, they identify development of tests with late 19th century before its application in the world war. The authors however ensured credibility in subsequent sections of the review that are adequately referenced. These sections include review of types of tests that identifies cognitive ability tests, mechanical ability test, motor and sensor ability test, sensory ability test, and aptitude test with such applications as selection of employees, training and development, team building and development, and career development and progression. The general approach to the authors’ literature review that relied on numerous and diversified sources further identify the authors’ good job in establishing a credible review. The authors therefore did a commendable job in reviewing existing literature to consolidate information on the subject. Their findings are valid because they are based on published resources, reliable because of the exte nsive scope of the explored resources, and I concur with the authors’ opinions that psychological tests are important to personnel decisions because the identified concepts are widely practiced (Ajila and Linus,

Discuss the theme of ladies' ball Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Discuss the theme of ladies' ball - Essay Example A softer version of the game was developed and called â€Å"Softball†. Still the same game, just a different set of rules as applicable to women. In Richard Cumyn's novel â€Å"Ladies Ball†, we discover the story of David and his unknown reasons for falling out of love with baseball. Richard Cumyn never clearly stated what year the story was unfolding in, so I am choosing to believe that the story had been set in the era after World War II, when men were coming back from the war and were reclaiming their right to the great game of Baseball. Cumyn as an author creates an internal conflict for this main character, David. However, it is an internal conflict that seems to have no beginning and no resolution. Instead, he used this conflict in order to successfully depict a man who comes to the realization that by letting go of something that he loved and enjoyed as a child, he has also lost an understanding of a portion of himself as a person. When his wife, Joan, is invited to join the local informal ladies baseball league, he believes that she won't have any interest in joining the local team for a game that night. Mostly because she is more of a cycling person than a â€Å"baseball† person. However, it slowly becomes clear to the reader that Joan was simply humoring her husband when she first refused to play with their new neighbors because of the way that David reacted to the invitation extended to her. He decided that she should not play the game. He did not allow her to make the decision for herself. But events on their first night in their new home conspire to allow Joan to try her hand at â€Å"ladies ball†, or softball as their neighbor Grace preferred to call it. However, what David believes and what is true are two different things. Contrary to his belief, Joan did not want to â€Å"get away from this neighbor† but instead, actually wanted to participate in the game. The passage from the book is clear: â€Å"[he] [decid es] that they [need] a way to escape gracefully from [the neighbor].† Thanks to the clever manipulation of their children and an extremely hot summer night, she got the chance to do something that she knew her husband was dead set against her participating in. Somehow, David has chosen to channel his dislike of baseball and his fear of having to play the game that he no longer likes through his wife. His thoughts, actions, and conversation with her that night as they passed the local baseball diamond showed his insecurities about baseball and left him feeling highly uncomfortable and torn between allowing himself to enjoy the female version of a game that he loved, and walking away from the game because it was now being played by women. David is truly uncomfortable with the way that Joan had defied him in order to play the game, making him look like a fool and party killer in front of their new neighbors. He had expected her to decline politely when she was invited to play yet again. He never expected her to suit up and get out on the field, ready, willing, and able to play. When he leaves her to put their children to bed, he can't help but return to the field to see how his wife participates in the game. He does this from the shadows as he is still reluctant to show her and their neighbors that he has started to enjoy the game and watching his wife play â€Å"ladies ball†. Having his wife catch the winning ball only adds to David's inner conflict about the game that he gave up on. His lonely excursion into the baseball mound to get a whiff of the game yet

The Role Of Media In Peace Building

The Role Of Media In Peace Building History has shown that the media can incite people toward violence. Hitler used the media to create an entire worldview of hatred for Jews, homosexuals, and other minority groups. Rwandas radio RTLM urged listeners to pick up machetes and take to the streets to kill what they called the cockroaches. Broadcasters in the Balkans polarized local communities to the point where violence became an acceptable tool for addressing grievances. The medias impact on the escalation of conflict is more widely recognized than the medias impact on peace-building. Yet it is not uncommon to hear experts pronounce that the medias impact on peace-building must be significant given its powerful impact on conflict. However, this simple relationship must not be taken for granted and should be critically examined in order to most effectively use the media for conflict prevention and peace-building (Wolfsfeld, 2004, p.15) In the last six decades, the influence of the media in the global arena has increasingly been recognized, especially its power to either exacerbate or contain potential conflicts. Indeed it is worth noting that among the defendants during the Nuremburg trials which were constituted by the allied forces following the defeat of the Germany and her allies immediately after the second world war was one Julius Streicher who although never held any official position within the Nazi party hierarchy, was considered to be among the top individuals who bore the greatest responsibility for the holocaust that killed more than six million Jews (Nuremburg trial papers). For close to twenty five years, Streicher had educated the Germany people in hatred and incited them to the persecution and the extermination of the Jewish race. The propaganda which Streicher carried for close to twenty five years was chiefly done through the medium of his newspaper as the editor of the Der Stuemer and later sever al other provincial journals (May 24 1934 issue). As early as the 17th century, Edmund Burke had coined the term the fourth estate, to demonstrate the growing power of the media in periods when power and influence was concentrated in hands of only three classes of society (Calyle, p 392).). Although it is still debatable as who was the first to use the word, Burke is said to have remarked that there were estates in Parliament, but in the reporters gallery yonder, there sat the fourth estate more important than four than they all. He was making reference to the traditional three estates of Parliament: The Lords spiritual, the Lords temporal and the Commons (Schultz, p.4). In the last 50 years the media influence has grown exponentially with the advance of technology, first there was the telegraph, then the radio, the newspaper, magazines, television and now the internet. Many people are today fully dependent on the information and communication to keep moving in the right direction and their daily activities like work, entertainment, healthcare, education, personal relationships, traveling are greatly controlled by what they read, hear and see. New communications technologies such as mobile/video phones and laptop computers are allowing journalists to gather and disseminate information with ease from many parts of the world. The digitization of the news industry, which has led to a compression of time and space, means we see news images of demonstrations, riots or coups within minutes of these occurring in the streets. These images not only inform global audiences, but may instigate further campaigns of violence at home. Commercial realities of news gathering have also affected the reporting of conflicts. The higher cost of news gathering in remote regions, coupled with the geopolitical and economic priorities of the West, mean that conflicts occurring at close proximity to the metropolitan centers receive coverage at the expense of those occurring further away in less developed regions of the world. A study of conflict reporting in the worlds major news outlets in 2000 shows that the Israel Palestine conflict was by far the most covered five times greater than the next most covered conflict (Hawkins, 2002) . Virgil Hawkins, the researcher who conducted the study, notes: By contrast, conflict in Africa, which has been, in the post-Cold-War world, is responsible for up to 90 percent of the worlds total war dead suffered an almost complete media blackout. Coverage of the massive war in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC), which caused in excess of one million deaths in the year 2000, was almost insignificant (p. 231). With the international news agenda controlled by the worlds major media giants, it has become crucial to develop and strengthen media at the local level to maintain diversity of opinion. As media in many developing nations, such as Kenya, move away from state control towards private enterprise, it is essential for local media to find their own voice and professional codes. A well developed media system with professionally trained journalists usually benefits both global and local audiences and provides a vital link to the outside world during conflict situations. The media is a double-edged sword. It can be a frightful weapon of violence when it propagates messages of intolerance or disinformation that manipulate public sentiment; but there is another aspect to the media, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦it can be an instrument of conflict resolution, when the information it presents is reliable, respects human rights, and represents diverse views. It is the kind of media that enables a society to mak e well-informed choices, which is the precursor of democratic governance. It is a media that reduces conflict and fosters human security (BBC policy briefing). Today, in every part of the world reliable, accurate and objective media, whether be it mainstream, alternative or traditional/non-conventional, can both help to prevent and resolve conflict through the automatic functions of responsibly disseminating information, furthering awareness and knowledge, promoting participatory and transparent governance, and addressing perceived grievances. In the same vein, inadvertently or overtly propagandistic media may equally fuel tensions and exacerbate conflicts, which in extreme cases like in Rwanda may directly result in genocide (Thomson, 1998). 1.1 Background of the Study To argue that media does make a difference means rejecting the view that media are no more than mirrors of something else -consumer choices; elite interests, or reality itself (as in the positivist assertions by some journalists that they simply report the way it is). It is a commonplace to suggest that media provide their audiences with a map of the social and political world beyond their own immediate experience. From this observation about contemporary complex society, flow other notions of media power: agenda setting (media capacity to focus public attention on some events and issues, and away from others); the spiral of silence (the withering of issues and perspectives ignored by media); priming (media ability to influence citizens criteria of political evaluation); cultivation (the gradual adoption of beliefs about the social world that correspond to televisions selective picture of the world), framing, and the ideological effect (the production of meaning in the service of dom ination) (Hackett Carroll, 2006, p.30-31). A less frequently considered but equally pertinent dimension of media influence is their relationship with anti-war movements. Within reasonably democratic states, and in the absence of elite discord, such movements may be the most important buffer within civil society against war. The movement/media relationship is asymmetrical: movements need media (to mobilize support, validate their political existence, and attract new supporters) far more than vice versa (Gamson Wolfsfeld 1993). Media play contradictory but important roles at every stage of their trajectory; their emergence, organizational self-maintenance, and success; when political and foreign policy elites are united around a war policy, dominant media are likely to trivialize or demonize anti-war dissent (Gitlin 1980; Hackett 1991). In the context specifically of war, some scholars see an intensification of media agenda-setting with the advent of real-time, 24-hour, globally distributed television news -most iconically Ber nard Shaws and Peter Arnetts reporting for Cable News Network (CNN) from Baghdad during the 1991 Gulf War. The so-called CNN effect allegedly highlights political uncertainty and incompetence, accelerates the pace at which politicians must respond to crises, and creates expectations and emotions that may force governments, against their initial inclinations, to intervene (or disengage) in conflict situations. The American humanitarian intervention in Somalia is often cited as an example (Spencer, 2005, p.24-38). According to Arnold (2005), the mass media contributed immensely to the propagation of US foreign policy agenda, couching imperial military actions in terms of humanitarian interventions undertaken to promote global freedom and democracy. This gave the US foreign policy the media attention cycle as there was competition among worldwide television and radio networks such as BBC, CNN, FOX TV and Channel 4 as who gets the right information first. This therefore, created huge demand for Western media even in non-western countries. In Africa, several efforts have been made to use the mass media to promote peace. For example, Radio for Peace-Building Africa (RFPA) is a program founded in 2003 by the international non-profit organization Search for Common Ground. The following are the countries in which RFPA is operated: Burundi, Central African Republic, Kenya, Liberia, Niger, Nigeria, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Tanzania, Togo, and Uganda. Working on the assumption that radio is the most accessible form of mass communication in Africa, RFPA trains journalists in peace-building, conflict resolution, and acting on commonalities. As stated in their achievements, 2010, RFPA has more than 3,000 members representing 100 countries, across Sub-Saharan Africa and beyond. They have carried out over 90 workshops and trained local radio station personnel (Radio for Peace-Building Africa, 2011). If the media have played an important role in breeding violence, it seems reasonable to examine the prospects of the reverse perspective-positive media contributions to ending violence and peace building in Kenya as a whole. Furthermore, if the media are usually found to support forces that lead to violent conflict, it can also be said that the media have the power to influence the activities that promote peace in the society. While media have been prominent contributors to every post-Cold War conflict (Prince and Thompson, 2002, Allen and Seaton, 1999), their role in post conflict peace-building and social development has not been apparent. Elsewhere however, recently there have been enough proves to accept the idea regarding the use of role that the media have played in peace-building. For instance, in Bosnia, Burundi, Cambodia, Croatia, Israel/Palestine, Macedonia, and Rwanda there are documented positive accomplishment of initiated projects of post-conflict recovery through the r ole of the media (McGoldrick, 2006). Also, over the past seven years, RFPA promoted peace in its areas of operation through levels of collaboration that it established between the government, media (TV stations and news papers) and civil society, increased the ability of radio stations to identify the underlying causes of war and conflict, increased the publics access to policy information, and used media to foster communication between policy makers and the civil society within that state, among other achievement (Radio for Peace-Building Africa: Achievements, 2012). 1.2 Problem Statement Literature on conflict and peace-building reveals a dismal focus on the role of the media in peace processes. Existing theory only tends to portray the media as essential in reporting and generating discourses on conflicts (Wolfsfeld, 2004; Watson, 2006; Bratic, 2006). Scholars of the post-election phenomenon in Kenya quickly conclude that, the crisis was a deeply rooted political and ethnic problem. Yet, the role of the media in the conflict, as well as its ability to mediate peace is not adequately tackled. In the East African region, Kenyan media like that in Rwanda has been scrutinized at the level of international law as a perpetrator of political violence. The post-2007 crisis serves as a good case to exemplify the process from conflict to peace-building. First, it illustrates the double role of the media as a constructive and destructive agent, and provides a link between media freedom and human rights. Secondly, this research explores challenges of media freedom within fragile democracies, where politics, poverty and ethnic differences can influence the media agenda. While the use of hate speech in the media is not discounted, this project will not focus on the subject as a whole, but draw examples to examine arguments. This project does not discuss ethnicity as a theory, but rather uses the term ethnic violence, a theme applied to describe political and ethnic tensions in Kenya (Hagg Kagwanja, 2007). The concept of ethnic violence has also been characterised as an element of civil or degenerate wars by several authors in recent years (Hanssen, 2000; Shaw, 2003; Kaldor, 2006). In recent times the effect of the mass media in shaping and forming the view of people especially the radio due to its accessibility, affordability and availability as compared to TV and computers (social networks e.g. Face book, Twitter, and YouTube) has contributed immensely to the development of a country. In the area of sport the mass media is promoting all kinds of sports especially football through constant publicity. As an emerging buoyant economic industry, the various media houses have established front desk for sports. Besides, they also have sports journalist who monitor, research and analyze sports related issues in the world, Africa and Kenya in particular. This has brought sports to the limelight of the media and given it a place in the media cycle. Inferring to the above and many achievements and contributions of the mass media in Kenya, it can be concluded that the mass media actually do assist in social improvements and building the ideals of the society. By systematically monitoring the performance of state institutions and reporting progress activities of the government, by guiding and dispensing of socialization, and by entertaining its audiences through interesting programmes. Against this background, many media houses have capacity building programmes to enhance public participation through phoning-in sessions. These programmes are also inspired by the need to improve and deepen governance and democracy. Notwithstanding, none or little concern has been given to programmes that are geared towards peace-building. It is for this reason that this study seeks to find out the role of the mass media in peace-building in Kenya. 1.3 Objectives of the Study The general objective of this research will be to explore the role the media has played in peace building among selected media houses in Kenya. The specific objectives of the research will be: To examine the activities of the media in peace-building. To establish the measures that government, stakeholders and media houses have put in place towards peace-building. To find out whether the media has been successfully used to promote peace in Kenya. To assess the effects of the media on peace-building. To make recommendations towards the use of the media in promoting and enhancing peace-building in Kenya. 1.4 Research Questions The following questions will serve as research questions to guide this research. What are the activities of the media in peace-building? What measures has the government, stakeholders and media houses put in place towards peace-building? How has the media been successfully used to promote peace in Kenya?. What are the effects of the media on peace-building? 1.5 Rationale for the Study The media is a double-edged sword. It can be a frightful weapon of violence when it propagates messages of intolerance or disinformation that manipulate public sentiment. But there is another aspect to the media. It can be an instrument of conflict resolution, when the information it presents is reliable, respects human rights, and represents diverse views. It is the kind of media that enables a society to make well-informed choices, which is the precursor of democratic governance. It is a media that reduces conflict and fosters human security. Today, in every part of the world, reliable, accurate and objective media, whether mainstream, alternative or non-conventional, can both help to prevent and resolve conflict through the automatic functions of responsibly disseminating information, furthering awareness and knowledge, promoting participatory and transparent governance, and addressing perceived grievances. In the same vein, inadvertently or overtly propagandistic media may equall y fuel tensions and exacerbate conflicts. This study aims at establishing the role of media in peace-building in Kenya. 1.6 Assumptions of the Study This study will be guided by the following assumptions: The media houses in Kenya have adopted acceptable practices in relation to peace-building reporting in their operations. The target audience from the population that will be selected will give a fair representation of the whole population under study. 1.7 Limitation of the Study Unexpected negative response from respondents due to the fact that they will be unwilling to give out sensitive organizational information. This will be delimited through counter-checking on secondary literature as well as desk-reviews. 1.8 Definition of Key Terms Capacity Building Capacity development is the process whereby individuals, groups, and organisations enhance their abilities to mobilize and use resources in order to achieve their objectives on a sustainable basis. Efforts to strengthen abilities of individuals, groups, and organisations can comprise a combination of (i) human skills development; (ii) changes in organisations and networks; and (iii) changes in governance/institutional context (ADB, 2004). Capacity building is a complex notion it involves individual and organisational learning which builds social capital and trust, develops knowledge, skills and attitudes and when successful creates an organisational culture which enables organisations to set objectives, achieve results, solve problems and create adaptive procedures which enable it to survive in the long term Ethnic violence In this study the term ethnic violence will be defined as a theme applied to describe political and ethnic tensions in Kenya (Hagg Kagwanja, 2007). Media The media refers to several mediums or channels used in an organized fashion to communicate information to groups of people, as a service to the public (Howard, 2002). In regard to this project, media is mainstream or independent (print, radio, television) in general. Peace Journalism According to Lynch and McGoldrick (2005) peace journalism is when editors and reporters make choices of what stories to report, and how to report them which create opportunities for society at large to consider and to value non-violent responses to conflict. Peace Journalism entails: Uses the insights of conflict analysis and transformation to update the concepts of balance, fairness and accuracy in reporting Provides a new route map tracing the connections between journalists, their sources, the stories they cover and the consequences of their journalism the ethics of journalistic intervention Builds an awareness of non-violence and creativity into the practical job of everyday editing and reporting (Lynch and McGoldrick 2005 p. 5). Peace Building The Carnegie Endowments Commission on the Prevention of Deadly Conflict (1997) defined peace-building as structural prevention which consists of the strategies to address the root causes of deadly conflict. Likewise, the Joint Utstein study of peace-building concludes that peace-building attempts to encourage the development of the structural conditions, attitudes, and modes of political behavior that may permit peaceful, stable and ultimately prosperous social and economic development. It states that there are four main headings related to peace-building: to provide security, to establish the socioeconomic foundations of long-term peace, to establish the political framework of long-term peace, and to generate reconciliation, a healing of the wounds of war and justice (Smith, 2003). These terms will be adopted in this study based but not limited to the above definitions. CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1 The Kenyan Media: An Overview Kenya has a plural, sophisticated and robust mass media and communication sector that serve the various competing political, social, economic, cultural and technological needs of diverse interest groups. The sector has grown rapidly in the past 15 years because of a combination of factors including political and economic liberalization; and Kenyas strategic location as a regional and international economic and communication hub. Before 1992, the media scene was small, urban based and less independent owing to repressive media laws and regulation. Today, the media especially radio and television, reaches all urban centers and almost all rural communities. The broadcasting sub-sector is diverse, dynamic and competitive with substantial reach. There are about 14 TV and 113 radio stations in Kenya (Steadman Group, 2008). Radio is the number one source of information reaching almost 90 percent of the entire population followed by television reaching about 40 percent and newspapers (30 per cent). There are about 7.5 million radio sets (1.9 million in urban and 5.6 in rural areas) and 3.2 million TV sets in Kenya (1.4 million in urban and 1.8 in rural areas) in the country. There are about 16.7 radio listeners across the country with 12.4 million in rural and 4.4 million in towns (Steadman Group, 2008). Interesting developments in the broadcasting sector include the proliferation of FM stations broadcasting in over 21 ethnic languages out of 42 (CCK, 2008). The FM stations broadcasting in ethnic languages command about 30 percent of the market share today. Unfortunately, low professionalism characterizes most of these FM stations because they employ untrained and less experienced journalists. Satellite broadcasting is also thriving particularly among the upper and middle class in urban areas (Howard, 2008). Although the print media has a history of relative independence, it remains an urban phenomenon in Kenya. Kenya has 5 daily newspapers and over 10 weekly newspapers. The dominant newspapers are the Standard with a daily circulation of 80,000 -110,000; and Nation newspapers with a circulation of 100,000 120,000 (Mbeke Mshindi, 2008). The new media is also catching up in Kenya which boasts of 17.6 million mobile phone owners and 3.2 million internet users. There are over 1000 act ive blogs in Kenya. Safaricom, Kenyas number one mobile operator commands 70 percent of the market share and has over 16 million subscribers. Kenya Broadcasting Corporation (KBC), the oldest and only public broadcaster, has the largest network of TV and radio stations across the country. KBC radio service, broadcasting in over 21 ethnic languages, is the only network in Kenya with the capacity to reach all audiences across the country. It also operates KBC TV. Royal Media Services, owned by media magnate S.K. Macharia, is the second largest media house in Kenya. It operates Citizen TV which has a national reach and several radio stations broadcasting in ethnic languages including Kikuyu (Inooro), Luo (Ramogi), Kamba (Musyi), Luhya (Mulembe) among others The Nation Media Group (NMG) is the largest media network in Kenya with interests in newspapers, magazines, TV and radio. It operates the Daily Nation, Sunday Nation, the Business Daily, the East African newspapers as well as the Tourist Guide, the Business Directory among other magazines (BBC Media Monitoring, 2007). NMG runs the NTV and QTV as well as Easy FM and QFM radi o stations both with a national reach. NMG is listed on the Nairobi Securities Exchange (NSE) with the Aga Khan as the key shareholder. The Standard Group (SG) owns the KTN Network, Kenyas first private TV station (1989) and the East African Standard Newspapers, the oldest newspapers having started in 1902. The SG is listed on the NSE with Baraza Limited, a company closely associated with the former President Daniel arap Moi and his close aide Joshua Kulei as the key shareholders. The people media group owns the People Daily several ethnic radio stations. It is associated with the Kenyatta family having bought it from Kenneth Matiba and the radio component from Rose Kimotho. Patrick Quarcco owns Kiss FM and several other FM station together Kiss TV and the Nairobi Star, a daily newspaper. Industrialist Chris Kirubi owns Capital Broadcasting Corporation (CBC) that runs CBC TV and Capital FM. Other media include STV formerly owned by professional journalist Hilary Ngweno. Kenya also has a strong faith-based broadcasting media including Hope FM, Radio Waumini owned by the Catholic Church; and Family TV and radio FM owne d by Leo Slingerland. A number of international news agencies and organizations operate from Nairobi, Kenya. These include the BBC, VOA, Duetsche Welle, Radio France, Radio China, Al Jazeera and CNN. While the press covers mainly politics and economic issues, the broadcasting stations in Kenya are characterized by heavy music and light entertainment programming lazed with interactive talk shows on politics and current affairs. Kenyans have continuously voted the media as the most trusted and influential institution even as they continue to express their reservations over other government institutions like the legislature and the executive. According to BBC, the Kenyan media is one of the most respected, thriving, sophisticated and innovative in Africa. Compared to other African countries, Kenya has in the recent past enjoyed a robust economic growth which in turn has supported one of the most dynamic advertising markets on the continent and a population which consumes news and information voraciously. In turn, this market has supported an explosion in media over recent years. This is a relatively recent phenomenon. While an independent media tradition in Kenya is a long one, it was only in 1992 that the media bloomed to become the thriving industry it is today. Until then, the suppression of media freedom by the then KANU government, a stagnant economy and the continued monopolization of the airwaves by the governments Voice of Kenya (now Kenya Broadcasting Corporation), meant that independent media outlets were few and confined mostly to elites. Over a period of 15 years, this increasingly assertive and self-confident media has played a substantial role in mediating relationships between citizens and state, in shaping the democratic dispensation in the country, and has transformed utterly how some of the most marginalized in society access information on issues that shape their lives. Kenyan citizens have become increasingly reliant on the media for such information, investing in it with greater credibility than almost any other source of information. For most of this period, the media has been seen nationally and internationally as a principal indicator of the democratic vitality of Kenya. Media has been at the forefront of moves to transform Kenya from one party state to multiparty democracy; it has gained a reputation for exposing corruption and acting as a vigorous forum for public debate; it is seen as a guardian of the public interest against an overbearing state power. 2.2 The Activities of the Media in Peace-Building While large scale or world war has been avoided, continual civil conflicts have not been avoided i.e., the conflicts in Ivory Coast, Liberia, Sierra Leone, Congo, Somalia. At the same time, peaceful resolution of conflicts that have major potential for civil conflicts: the transitions in South Africa, in Central and Eastern Africa have been witnessed. Therefore, peaceful resolution of national-civil conflicts is in a great part a communication process. That is; a concept of communication that channels civil conflict away from open war in to what is called cultural negotiation (White, 1990, p.22-23). The media can provide information directly to citizens regarding major events of importance for decision -making so that citizens can take action and influence the structure of decision-making. What is expected is a narrative reconstruction of events which reveals the source of the problem, the persons who are responsible and why, and what emerge finally as the solution. The media are the forum for the expression of public opinion and enable the public and public officials to chart the general public opinion regarding the state of public affairs. The mirroring of public opinion enables the public to know what people are expecting and whether representative governments are serving the public or not. A totalitarian state is one in which civil society is totally absorbed by the state, a state without a public opinion. Boutros Boutros-Gali (1992) gave clarity and coherence to the concept of peace building when he defined it as Action to identify and support structures which will tend to strengthen and solidify peace in order to avoid relapse into conflict and, rebuilding institutions and infrastructures of nations torn by civil war and strife (and tackling the deepest causes of) economic despair, social injustice and oppression. Inscribed in Willshers comment about his role as a journalist is an assumption about media influence which has also come to be known as the CNN effect -so called after the first Gulf War when the UN Secretary General Boutros Boutros-Ghali said: We say we have 16 members in the Security Council: the 15 members plus CNN (Boutros Ghali, 1995). The proposition is that todays global media have grown so mighty as to be able to raise issues to the political agenda by their own efforts; issues which would otherwise hold little or no interest for the powers-that-be. In summary, the influence of the media on society has attracted international agencies closely involved in peace-building since the early 1990s (Ross, 2002). The media can contribute to peace, by engaging in credible reporting, representing balanced opinions in its editorial content, and opening up communication channels among parties in a conflict. It can also identify and articulate without bias the underlying interests of warring factions. By doing so, the media is capable of disseminating information that builds on the confidence of stakeholders in a conflict. 2.2.1 The CNN Effect The Harvard University Joan Shorenstein Center for Press, Politics and Public Policy has been instrumental in examining media effects. Steven Livingston, a leading CNN Effect researcher and associate professor of communication and international affairs at The George Washington University, along with his colleagues at Harvard, identified three conceptual variations surrounding the CNN Effect: the notion that media serves as an agenda-setting agency, that the media serves as an impediment in some cases and that the media facilitates a more accelerated publi