Effect of Parental Separation on Adolescence

Effect of Parental Separation on Adolescence Zeenat Jawed PARENTAL SEPARATION AND ITS CONSEQUENCES FOR ADOLESCENCE Family is one of the important social spaces which give you identity; shelter, security, senses of belonging and also nurtures the personality of a person. Parents play an important role to run the family with harmony. They provide basis for the development of personality and, guide their children to face the challenges of the real world. Child learn to adjust in society and make relations with others by observing the role of their parents (Bandura, 1989). Parents influence on child development in three different ways which includes direct interaction with child in activities, emotional identification and, telling stories about family members and relatives (Kagan, 1999). The interpersonal relation of parents also has an impact on child development. According to Moore, Kinghorne and Bandy (2011), the quality of parental relationship is allied with the positive or negative outcome in child’s behavior, social competence, and engagement in school, parent-child communication and parental feeling of aggravation. The reflection of parental relation either lifts up or disrupts the child development. If the conflict persists and parents get divorced so it will impact the development of children. This paper will explore worldwide and Pakistan’s prevalence, causes of divorce, and its impact on child’s development in different stages of life briefly, with more focus on adolescence stage. Furthermore, it will also provide some possible interventions for children to cope up with this emotional trauma without compromising their development. The reason for choosing this topic is that I have witnessed a 14 years old girl during my clinical whose parents got divorced that influenced on her life positively and negatively. She involved in studies more and became resilient but simultaneously, she was depressed, had fear about future life, and didn’t participate in any social activities. Prevalence Divorce is the physical and legal separation of spouse from their relation (Parveen, 2010). The rate of divorce is increasing day by day. Worldwide Divorce Statistics, (n.d.), states that Beralus, United Kingdom and United states are among top twenty countries with the highest divorce rate of 68%, 53% and 49% respectively. According to Avila (2013), â€Å"The United States Bureau of the Census (2005) estimated over 1 million children experience parental divorce each year. According to Strohschein et al. (2009) and Juby et al. (2005) as cited in Ambert Vanier Institute of the Family (2005), about 20% -30% children experience parental divorce at the age of 18 and 15 respectively. According to the statistics retrieved from the court of senior civil judge Lahore and Faisalabad, cited in Parveen (2010), since January to April 2008, 3223 and 1466 cases were registered respectively. About 80 to 85 cases are being registered daily. In addition, a study was conducted in Karachi showed that parental conflict results in negative outcome among their children. The study also suggests that 80.5% to 97.5% of children got affected by parental conflicts (Ali, Assad, Mogren, Krantz, 2011). This frequency shows that it is the most scorching issue in our society and around world that compels me to review this issue through my paper. Causes of divorce There is a temporality in the world that every cause precedes an effect. Similarly, there are certain causes that may leads to dissolution of the marital bond. There is no similar cause for every divorce. Frolick, (2011) as cited in Khurshid, Khatoon, Khurshid, (2012) affirms that, â€Å"every divorce is unique like a snow flake†. There is an increasing rate of divorce in Pakistan, and the few prevalent reasons are; Lack of sacrifice, forced marriages, greed, Joint family system, difference in social status and highly career oriented women (Khurshid, Khatoon, Khurshid, 2012). There are incompatible differences between partners that become necessary for the person to get divorced. Lack of communication, poverty, difference in education level, any kind of abuse (physical, emotional, verbal or sexual), disloyalty, early marriages, mismatch (sexual, intellectual and emotional), sexual dysfunction or disease and drug addiction can also be the contributing factors of divorce (Khurshid, Khatoon, Khurshid, 2012). According to Ali, Assad, Mogren, Krantz, (2011), there is a theoretical model that helps to depict the causes of intimate partner violence (IPV) that in my opinion, can leads to separation. These include psychopathological, sociological, gender, and family systems theories. Sociological theories portrayed that low education, economic vulnerability and stress can leads to conflict. Gender theories states the cultural and social construct of gender, where man have power and superiority, while women have inferior status that makes women dependent and vulnerable for violence. Furthermore, in my opinion, uncertainty and hesitation towards spouse can be a risk factor and it was the main cause of divorce in my patient’s case. Moreover, psychopathological theory suggests that certain psychiatric diseases and disorders maybe a contributing factor. Likewise, family system theories revealed that lack of communication, ineffective problem solving can leads to violence. Therefore it can be assumed that these factors can ultimately lead to divorce. Consequences of divorce Consequences for the couple: Divorce can be both positive and negative. In my opinion, getting away from the stressful relationship could be helpful for a person. Individual can live happy life a head if they are not happy and satisfied with their existing marital life. Literature also suggests that those who ends their relation due to high conflict and violence and grasps an opportunity to change are happier in their later life (Waite Gallagher, n.d.). On the other hand, divorce can be a stressful event too. Initially, the divorced couple feels relaxed but as time passes, they become harsh, fragile and easy to break. They become socially isolated and anxious. Furthermore, men are at risk of substance abuse while women are more prone towards depression, poverty, loneliness and stigmatization (Waite Gallagher, n.d.). Literature suggests that regardless of poverty and depression, women get back from the trauma easily as compared to men (Amato Cheadle, 2005). Consequences for children: Attachment theory: The relation and attachment between parents and children is very important for personality development and intimacy in later life. According to John Bowlby theory of attachment cited in Fraley, (n.d.), there are three types of attachment i.e. secure, avoidant and resistant. In the first type of attachment, the child experiences unconditioned positive regard, loving, warm and responsive attitude of parents. It helps to build intimacy, empathic and supportive behaviors towards their partner and tends resolve their conflicts with constructive strategies. In avoidant attachment, parents shows demanding, disrespectful, critical and harsh attitude towards their children. It leads to jealousy, lack of intimacy and love in adulthood. The resistant attachment is the situation of jump in and out that means that the attitude of parents is unpredictable. This pursued the child to amalgamate completely with others and build their relations quickly but it cannot exist for long. The initial years of life is marked with physical, cognitive, language, social and emotional development and it is also vulnerable for acquiring negative things (McIntosh, 2011). The infancy is a very crucial time in which child develop trust in the world with healthy parenting (Americas Angel, 2011). After divorce, the custody of child is given to one parent due to which, the child lacks attention and care from other parent. For example, if an infant is separated from mother, the primary source of satisfaction in infancy, the child will end up in separation anxiety (Stuart, 2009). In my opinion it will develops mistrust in child for the real world. According to Erickson, preschooler stage is marked with initiative vs. guilt (Americas Angel, 2011). They suffers from depression, confusion, indulge in joyless play, desire for the absent parent, feel guilty and blame themselves for the conflict and divorce of their parents (Kruk, 2013). In my view, if parents don’t give attention to their children due to their marital conflicts and separation, this may develops avoidant attachment which subsequently leads to jealousy and lack of intimacy in later life. Likewise, school-age children build competency and mastery by participating more in academics. They make friends that play an important role in developing self-esteem in child (McLeod, 2008). Following divorce, children doesn’t interact with friends more, they suffer from sleep problems and have low grade academic performance (Ambert Vanier Institute of the Family, 2005). In my opinion, low grade results from lack of parental participation in academics and avoidance of children due to marital conflict. Adolescence (11-20 years) is a stage where drastic change occurs such as pubertal changes, peer relation and physical maturity. Stuart (2009) affirms that it is a period where child is moving towards adulthood, preparing for marriage, career, acquiring sets of values and an ethical system. According to Erickson, in this stage, an adolescent forms his own identity which helps to make intimacy in young adulthood. Consequences of separation are equal for both girls and boys (Department of Justice Canada, 1997). Furthermore, I have detected some sign and symptoms in patient and also supported by a literature, adolescents may feel anger, depression, anxiety and fear, and emotional distress, early or late menarche and blame themselves for separation of their parents. Garvin and colleagues (1991) cited in Avila(2013) affirms that children whose parent got divorce had higher rates of depression, sexual acting out, substance abuse, conduct disorders, school problems, and delinquent behavior a s compared to the children of intact family. Furthermore, according to attachment theory, child may feel avoidant and resistant attachment with parents’ that deteriorates academic performance. In my belief it is because of lack of participation of parents in school due to which child get demotivated and shows poor performance at school. According to Stuart (2009), the children face difficulty in identification of one parent as a victim and develop rejection for other. Literature suggests that parental separation also puts a child at risk for divorce (Amato Cheadle, 2005). They become pessimistic about their future intimate relation (Stuart, 2009). Therefore, I believe that this stage is very crucial and could have dangerous affects of suffering. Furthermore, it is also observed that if the custody of child is given to opposite sex parent, it can also lead to problematic circumstances. For example, in Pakistan’s context, if an adolescent girl is living with her father so she may face many problems at puberty because of lack of guidance from mother. Similar situation goes with boys. They cannot discuss their reproductive health problems with mother flexibly. Children might have problems in identification of their same-sex parents due to lack of interaction with non-custodial parents. On the other hand, the divorce can leave positive effects as well. The patient that I had encountered showed positivity and coped with in an appropriate manner. She became resilient, indulges in studies and showed good academic performance. Middleton, (n.d.) insists that child learn positivity and becomes resilient, adaptable, have self-confidence, shows empathy, and learn more through quality time spent with each parent separately. After adolescence, a person enters in adulthood phase where they make relations and start their own family. If the impact of parental divorce is positive, they are most likely to build good relation with their spouse and children. According to Erickson, they develop intimacy and generativity however, in my opinion, they will get isolated from society and family and experience despair because they haven’t achieved their goal due to parental conflict and separation. Recommendations As health care personnel, we need to support child during this traumatic event. It is important to help child in the grieving period. Friends and family member can play a significant role in it. Furthermore, we can involve child in different group work that help to alleviate the depressive symptoms and provides opportunity to deal with pre and post divorce stress. Besides we can support child in reframing their perception about divorce and help to modify their thoughts into positivity. Avila (2013) states that it can be attain with Psycho-educational and counseling which help child to cope with the reality and impacts of separation. Cognitive behavioral therapy can be given to child in order to change their negative thinking (Avila, 2013). Indulge child in activities to divert their mind from stressful situation to the relaxed situation such as sports. Show empathy towards child to make them realize that they are not alone in this situation. Moreover we can refer child to those who h as coped with parental divorce appropriately. In my opinion, it is also important to teach family to support child during this period. Instruct family and custodial parent to allow child to maintain relation with the absent parent. Allow child to choose with whom they wants to live. Guide them not to discuss about the absent parent in front of child otherwise it will make child more depressed. Parents are required to fulfill the need of child and spend more time with them. In conclusion, the inter-parental relation plays an important role in the development of child. They can influence both positively and negatively. Good parental relation can enhance well-being of a child otherwise it will disrupt the development of child. Divorce is the legal separation of spouses. It has both positive and negative impact on the couple as well on their children. Additionally, child will have psychological, behavioral, social, physical and emotional problem in their development. Every stage is very crucial but adolescences are at greater risk to be affected with parental separation as it provides identity to children which help to develop intimacy in later life. By following above mentioned strategies, children can cope up with this painful event smoothly.

Knowledge Management Audit Report

The case study depicts the problems associated with a regency grand, a five-star hotel situated In Thailand. Initially the hotel was performing well under Thai General Manager; however since the takeover by a large American hotel chain, regency grand hotel was experiencing deteriorating circumstances regarding its business and reputation. Mr.. Becker was inducted as a new General Manger if Regency Grand Hotel. He was Interested in applying the concepts, methods, policies and procedures of hotel management which he earlier practiced successfully in the united States to the Regency Grand Hotel. Mr..Backer's success was mostly on acquisition were the operations were experiencing low morale and poor profitability. One of the major points In this case study Is the fact that Regency Grand Hotel was not experiencing low morale and poor profitability. In fact Regency Grand Hotel was one of the top performing hotels of Thailand were employee satisfaction was high. Mr.. Backer's expertise was in successfully implementing management strategies in a sinking organization rather than in an established and stable organization. Research has shown that the right employee should be hired at the right time. [r]One of the major issues as delineated in the case study is the implementation of same Human Resource Management Strategy in different countries. This Human Resource Management strategy by Becker comprised of introducing the concept of decentralization at Regency Grand Hotel. According to Becker, this strategy will yield enhanced employee motivation and overall Job satisfaction which will untimely lead to more profits. This strategy was successfully Implemented by Becker In his previous assignments. Becker was very confident of achieving positive results by Introducing this strategy immediately. One study shows that practice of Human ResourceManagement can vary across countries mainly because of adaptation of managerial practices and cultural idiosyncrasy [Snell and Dean, 1 992, Salk and Brannon, 2000]. Hefted argues that national cultures impact the attitudes and behaviors of employees (Hefted, 1980). This Is true in the case of Mr.. Becker. Since he came from United States and had been successfully practicing Human Resource Management with employees exhibiting us culture, he had a mindset reflecting us employee's behavior towards management practice. Furthermore, Mr.. Becker was of the impression that the same Human Resource Management could be practiced inThailand without realizing that there would be systematic differences that may have existed in Human Resource Management in different countries. Management by Objective Is the process of specifying objectives within an organization to ensure that the employees at the managerial level and non managerial level abide with the objectives set fourth so that they can fully understand what is required and what needs to be done within an organization. Studies have shown that productivity within an organiza tion increases if Management by Objective program is launched (Robbins and Coulter, 2005, 165).However, Becker Introduced the concept of decentralization but was not able to Implement It stressfully. Becker spent most AT Nils tale wilt ten operational level employees. This resulted in Backer's direct communication with the operational level employees which helped the employees better understand what Becker wanted and expected from them. However, the supervisor's empowerment role was minimized which resulted in poor performance. Scholars have written that mutually agreed objectives are set forth between employees.Becker implemented him decentralization plan after getting approval from several rather than all managers ND department heads. Most of the scholars agree that the Management by Objective is successful if it is implemented from top to down while ensuring complete participation [Rodgers, R. ; Hunter, J. E. 1991]. When power and control in shared in organization, the overall ef fectiveness increases. (Organelle et al. , 2007)The empowerment is used as management tool which empowers employees to practice innovative approach while working. Furthermore, empowerment is the power which is transferred from top level to bottom level [(Teach et d. 0 04).. Honed (1997) argued that empowerment should have higher degree of accessibility and accountability while having the freedom to act. This signifies that management in order to empower their employees, must ensure that the employees will be motivated and committed. This will help them achieve organizational goals while the chances of an employee to quit will significantly reduce. Employee empowerment has been defensiveness's ways, but K thaws et al. (2007), Money and Hankie (2006) and Honed (1997) agreed that the core element of empowerment involves giving employees §ion or latitude over certain task related activities.Smith and Mould, (1998) defined empowerment as a transfer of rower flow the employer to the e mployees to make quick and quality decision. Honed (1997) argued that empowerment is not only having the flooded to act, but also having higher degree of responsibility and accountability. This indicates that management must empower their me peoples so that they will be motivated committed satisfied and assist the organizations achieving objectives Mohammedanize employees intention to quit.Transferring power to the employees should be done with due diligence, at the same time employees to whom the power is transferred to, must be held accountable for their actions. Accountability will instill discipline in utilizing the scarce resources optimum for the benefit of the organization and other stakeholders. Therefore, employees should be empowered through, sharing information, autonomy in making decisions and improving their intellectual capacity.Welling et al (1991) similarly proposed that an organization that empowers their employees will be able to survive and grow in any environment . Mohammed and Prevail (1998) argued that empowerment is a state of mind and empowered employees mind experiences feelings of, (1) control over the Job to be performed, (2) awareness of the context in HCI the work is performed, (3) accountability for personal work output, (4) shared responsibility for unit and organizational performance and (5) equity in the rewards based on individual and collective performance.The Cognitive model of empowerment, defines empowerment on a broad term, which Includes ten console AT Provo&Eng employee Witt genuine Coo enrollment Ana opportunities to have their voice heard having real power for control and influence over work processes, which leads to employees to be confident in discharging their duties. This model further emphasizes that organizations have no options except to empower their employees for purpose of survival, growth and increase efficiency and being competitiveness.Further, the model of work team effectiveness postulated by Cohen et al . (1996) commented that employee empowerment should be the primary focus for any manager who tries to design effective self managing work teams in organization. Organelle et al. (2007) suggested that, like the concept of power, empowerment can be viewed in two ways. First, it can be viewed as a relational conduct – which me that managers should delegate power to the subordinates. Secondly, a motivational construct where employee empowerment is seen as a scheme to motivate employees in organization.Thus empowered employees feel motivated when they are given autonomy to make decision about their work or are involved in the planning process of Ethel organization. Therefore employee empowerment implies that power is granted to the employees or delegation of authority. Similarly, Procter et al (1999) suggested that for the use of the term empowerment of members to be meaningful, there must be a genuine shift in the locus of power away from the top management to the shop floor.Mele e (2004) argued that empowerment is a complex interactive process which involves the act of developing and increasing power to the subordinates. In addition they identified five core &mimeo which can enhance empowerment in organizations and these includes educating of employees, leading, mentoring, supporting and proving proper structures to enhance employee empowerment in organization. This clearly shows that empowerment is a multi-&monsoonal process which involves many systems of the organization and is an ongoing process. Lloyd fee al. 1999) asserted that, managers should act as coaches and help employees to solve problems. Managers should empower subordinates by delegating susceptibilities and assisting them when they have problems and thus employees will feel more satisfied with their managers and they will consider them to be fair and in return they will perform to their manager's expectations. Employees need to be assisted in the process of empowerment. Participative manageme nt, managers must empower their employees by allowing them to participate in decision m a h g process.For impatience the model of employee empowerment postulated by Mammal and Securest (1996) argued that employee empowerment has been expounders the concept of participative management. The model emphasized that empowerment to eke a strong foundation in organizations; managers should intrinsically motivate the behavior of their employees and must release some of their authority and responsibility to other levels of the organization. Honed (1997) equated employee empowerment as management-by-stress strategy that pushes people and systems to the breaking point by forcing workers to do more.Lack of employee empowerment in many organization is compeered as a major source of organizational stress and conflicts. Management to a certain degree will reduce stress among their employees by empowering them. Employee empowerment s a management practice, which all managers should take seriously in their organization, Decease It's tongue empowerment Tanat employees wall Improve organizational performance. Management needs to consider the following facts to ensure that empowerment in their organization is enhanced and nurtured.Empowerment through Job involvement, empowerment significantly enhances Job involvement Job satisfaction; career satisfaction and organizational commitment (Manorial and Hashing, 2006). This in the long MN will make employees feel that they are valued in their organization and create a higher degree of Job satisfaction and commitment. Thus employees are motivated by both extremis and intrinsic rewards such as autonomy in decision-making and challenging work.Leadership strategy, good leadership is critical for sustaining continuous improvement of employee empowerment in organization (Carson and King, 2005). Good leadership needs to be demonstrated at all levels of the organization. A good leader in an organization is intuitively able to tap into expressed thoughts of others, to give verbal expression to their feelings, able to delegate and empower employees. This would make vision created by management to be brought into pollution.Good leadership empires braininess, creates a vision to be followed by the organization employees and empowers employees through traffic and development. Hams (2004) argued that leadership is not only having innovative ideas, but also getting people to follow, not just in dragooned single file, but with pride, literature in their hearts and expectation. Employee endowment to be successful in organization there is need for godlessness to be in place at all levels of the organization.Empowerment to be successful in organization management should use empowerment for bottom-Line results. Klan and Rosen (1999) stated that there are four key increments for empowering program to succeed in organization, these are management must agree to support the program, inauguration warrants fanfare, must be offered for idea s generated and accepted essential for team leaders, program coordinators and evaluation committees to be in place to evaluate the progress of empowerment and advise the best way to enhance it in organizations.Therefore, empowerment is not a product of any structure or system, but it is a process, which is ongoing, dynamic and fluctuating. Translators and Murray (1996) stated that empowerment is getting workers to do what needs to be done rather than doing what they are told and involves delegation, individual responsibility, autonomous decision making and feelings of self-efficacy. Employee empowerment program to be successful in organization, management must put in place a structure in the system to support the whole process (Boggle and Smooch 2004).It is recommendable that empowerment process should take place in an environment where it's allowed, nurtured and promoted by management and employees. Management decision not communicated properly Options Regency Grand Hotel can rever t back to the earlier style of hotel management practiced by Thai General Manager. Under his belt, the Regency Grand Hotel was crowned as one of the most prestigious hotels of the region and the employees were enjoying Delve chocolates wilt n ten note.Nine star, wanly earlier let Decease AT Becker, could be contacted once again and given offer to rejoining Regency Grand Hotel. Management by Objective In Application of decentralization should be more concrete. Change of management style Make use of Configuration Management â€Å"organizational effectiveness is greatest when the information processing capacities of the structure fit the information-processing requirements of the work† Recommendations

Constructivist Theory Of Constructivist Learning Theory

Constructivist Learning theory is a theory that depends on perception and in a logical study about how individuals learn. This learning theory is a theory that upgrades the student’s sensible and reasonable development. The basic idea inside the constructivist learning theory is the part which encounters or associations with the abutting environment that plays in the student’s training. In this way, the constructivist learning theory says that individuals build their own comprehension and information of the world through encountering things on those encounters. For Constructivist Learning theory, there is a theorist name Jerome Bruner. Bruner s theory on constructivism includes learning as a dynamic procedure wherein those learning can shape new thoughts in view of what their present information is and additionally their past learning. The four noteworthy principles of Bruner s theory on constructivism envelop, at first, a preference toward learning. 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The Principles Of Effective Communication - 1675 Words

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I invite you all to think back to one of our previous meetings, do you recall any of the following? A lack of eye contact, a lack of enthusiasm, and frustrated looks on faces? How about an overall sense of discontent so much so that people are disengagedRead MoreThe Importance Of A Socio Technical System1403 Words   |  6 Pagescommunicating with the other units of the organization. Additionally, Alcan like other global enterprises is attempting to add to its empire through the merger and acquisition process. The solution for Alcan was founded in the institution STS principles. This general concept is that with STS the organization can use human behavior and social structure to enhance system outputs. In other words STS connects technical systems with social systems which leads to an increase in both independent areas